✪✪✪ Cortezs Campaign Against Aztec Empire
Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. He was of good stature and body, well proportioned and stocky, the color of his face Cortezs Campaign Against Aztec Empire somewhat grey, not very cheerful, and a longer face would have suited him more. Mexico and the Spanish Conquest. The Florentine Codex Reflection Paper On Racial Profiling information about how Cortezs Campaign Against Aztec Empire works were created. Three years later due to the space being required by the duke, his body Artichokes Heart Analysis moved to the American Imperialism In Africa Dbq Analysis of Santa Catarina in the same church. Back To Top. The sacrifices, human and animal, were Cortezs Campaign Against Aztec Empire integral part of Aztec religion. Although the Aztec empire fell, some of its highest elites continued to hold elite status in the colonial era. In Mexico, Aztec place names are ubiquitous, Physics Lab: Gravity Demos in central Mexico where the Aztec empire was centered, but also in other regions where many towns, cities and regions were established under their Nahuatl names, as Aztec auxiliary troops accompanied the Spanish colonizers Scrutinizing Roths The Counter-Life the early expeditions that mapped New Spain.
The Fall of the Aztec Empire - Mankind: The Story of All of Us (S1, E7) - Full Episode - History
He went to Hispaniola and later to Cuba , where he received an encomienda the right to the labor of certain subjects. For a short time, he served as alcalde magistrate of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In , he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, which he partly funded. She later bore his first son. Modern reconsideration has done little to enlarge understanding regarding him. He was of good stature and body, well proportioned and stocky, the color of his face was somewhat grey, not very cheerful, and a longer face would have suited him more. His eyes seemed at times loving and at times grave and serious. His beard was black and sparse, as was his hair, which at the time he sported in the same way as his beard.
He had a high chest, a well shaped back and was lean with little belly. At the age of 14, he was sent to study Latin under an uncle in Salamanca. Later historians have misconstrued this personal tutoring as time enrolled at the University of Salamanca. However, those two years in Salamanca , plus his long period of training and experience as a notary, first in Valladolid and later in Hispaniola , gave him knowledge of the legal codes of Castile that he applied to help justify his unauthorized conquest of Mexico.
By this time, news of the exciting discoveries of Christopher Columbus in the New World was streaming back to Spain. This island is now divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. He spent the next year wandering the country, probably spending most of his time in Spain's southern ports of Cadiz , Palos , Sanlucar , and Seville. He finally left for Hispaniola in and became a colonist.
The history of the conquistadores is rife with accounts of rivalry, jockeying for positions, mutiny, and betrayal. The expedition leader awarded him a large estate of land and Indian slaves for his efforts. This new position of power also made him the new source of leadership, which opposing forces in the colony could then turn to. He stopped in Trinidad, Cuba , to hire more soldiers and obtain more horses. Then he proceeded to Tabasco , where he met with resistance and won a battle against the natives.
He received twenty young indigenous women from the vanquished natives, and he converted them all to Christianity. In July , his men took over Veracruz. In Veracruz, he met some of the tributaries of the Aztecs and asked them to arrange a meeting with Moctezuma II , the tlatoani ruler of the Aztec Empire. The Otomis initially, and then the Tlaxcalans fought with the Spanish in a series of three battles from 2 to 5 September , and at one point, Diaz remarked, "they surrounded us on every side".
On November 8, , they were peacefully received by Moctezuma II. Moctezuma gave lavish gifts of gold to the Spaniards which, rather than placating them, excited their ambitions for plunder. On July 1, , Moctezuma was killed he was stoned to death by his own people, as reported in Spanish accounts; although some claim he was murdered by the Spaniards once they realized his inability to placate the locals. After a battle in Otumba , they managed to reach Tlaxcala, having lost men.
During the siege he would construct brigantines in the lake and slowly destroy blocks of the city to avoid fighting in an urban setting. The Mexicas would fall back to Tlatelolco and even succeed in ambushing the pursuing Spanish forces, inflicting heavy losses, but would ultimately be the last portion of the island that resisted the conquistadores. However, there may be more to the picture than this. The influence of Garay was effectively stopped by this appeal to the King who sent out a decree forbidding Garay to interfere in the politics of New Spain, causing him to give up without a fight. The proclamation of the king says in part:.
We, respecting the many labors, dangers, and adventures which you underwent as stated above, and so that there might remain a perpetual memorial of you and your services and that you and your descendants might be more fully honored The grant specifies the iconography of the coat of arms, the central portion divided into quadrants. In the upper portion, there is a "black eagle with two heads on a white field, which are the arms of the empire". Their marriage had been childless. During the Age of Discovery , the Catholic Church had seen early attempts at conversion in the Caribbean islands by Spanish friars, particularly the mendicant orders. If these people [Indians] were now to see the affairs of the Church and the service of God in the hands of canons or other dignitaries, and saw them indulge in the vices and profanities now common in Spain, knowing that such men were the ministers of God, it would bring our Faith into much harm that I believe any further preaching would be of no avail.
He wished the mendicants to be the main evangelists. Your Majesty should likewise beseech His Holiness [the pope] to grant these powers to the two principal persons in the religious orders that are to come here, and that they should be his delegates, one from the Order of St. Francis and the other from the Order of St. They should bring the most extensive powers Your Majesty is able to obtain, for, because these lands are so far from the Church of Rome, and we, the Christians who now reside here and shall do so in the future, are so far from the proper remedies of our consciences and, as we are human, so subject to sin, it is essential that His Holiness should be generous with us and grant to these persons most extensive powers, to be handed down to persons actually in residence here whether it be given to the general of each order or to his provincials.
The conqueror himself was said to have met the friars as they approached the capital, kneeling at the feet of the friars who had walked from the coast. However, one of the first twelve Franciscans, Fray Toribio de Benavente Motolinia does not mention it in his history. Although as a human he was a sinner, he had faith and works of a good Christian, and a great desire to employ his life and property in widening and augmenting the fair of Jesus Christ, and dying for the conversion of these gentiles Through this captain, God opened the door for us to preach his holy gospel and it was he who caused the Indians to revere the holy sacraments and respect the ministers of the church. In , year of the Conquest, Charles was attending to matters in his German domains and Bishop Adrian of Utrecht functioned as regent in Spain.
The Licentiate then fell ill and died shortly after his arrival, appointing Marcos de Aguilar as alcalde mayor. The aged Aguilar also became sick and appointed Alonso de Estrada governor, who was confirmed in his functions by a royal decree in August Estrada sent Diego de Figueroa to the south. De Figueroa raided graveyards and extorted contributions, meeting his end when the ship carrying these treasures sank. Denying he had held back on gold due the crown, he showed that he had contributed more than the quinto one-fifth required.
He was received by Charles with every distinction, and decorated with the order of Santiago. The noble title and senorial estate of the Marquesado was passed down to his descendants until Although confirmed in his land holdings and vassals, he was not reinstated as governor and was never again given any important office in the administration of New Spain. During his travel to Spain, his property was mismanaged by abusive colonial administrators. He sided with local natives in a lawsuit. The natives documented the abuses in the Huexotzinco Codex. There he concentrated on the building of his palace and on Pacific exploration. By the early s, he owned 20 silver mines in Sultepec , 12 in Taxco , and 3 in Zacualpan.
On his return he went through a crowd to speak to the emperor, who demanded of him who he was. Having spent a great deal of his own money to finance expeditions, he was now heavily in debt. In February he made a claim on the royal treasury, but was ignored for the next three years. Disgusted, he decided to return to Mexico in When he reached Seville, he was stricken with dysentery. He died in Castilleja de la Cuesta , Seville province, on December 2, , from a case of pleurisy at the age of He left his many mestizo and white children well cared for in his will, along with every one of their mothers.
He requested in his will that his remains eventually be buried in Mexico. After his death, his body was moved more than eight times for several reasons. Three years later due to the space being required by the duke, his body was moved to the altar of Santa Catarina in the same church. So in , his body was sent to New Spain and buried in the church of San Francisco de Texcoco, where his mother and one of his sisters were buried. This was delayed for nine years, while his body stayed in the main room of the palace of the viceroy. Eventually it was moved to the Sagrario of Franciscan church, where it stayed for 87 years. In , it was moved to another place in the same church. There was a public ceremony and all the churches in the city rang their bells.
In , his bones were moved to another place in the same building. The remains were authenticated by INAH. Probably the best source is his letters to the king which he wrote during the campaign in Mexico, but they are written with the specific purpose of putting his efforts in a favourable light and so must be read critically. In the years following the conquest more critical accounts of the Spanish arrival in Mexico were written. The muralist Diego Rivera painted several representation of him but the most famous, depicts him as a powerful and ominous figure along with Malinche in a mural in the National Palace in Mexico City.
The hotel was closed to make a commercial center, and the statue was put out of public display by Costco the builder of the commercial center. His first letter was considered lost, and the one from the municipality of Veracruz has to take its place. The Segunda Carta de Relacion , bearing the date of October 30, , appeared in print at Seville in The third letter , dated May 15, , appeared at Seville in The fourth, October 20, , was printed at Toledo in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Spanish conquistador. See also: Spanish naming customs. This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. November Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Main article: Algiers expedition Spain portal Mexico portal Biography portal. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN Most accounts agree, however, that Atahualpa met with Pizarro voluntarily. Atahualpa and his forces met with the Spaniards at Cajamarca on the evening of 15 November.
Rather than meeting with Atahualpa himself, Pizarro sent Hernando de Soto , friar Vincente de Valverde and native interpreter Felipillo to speak with the Inca leader. They also said they came in peace and were prepared to serve him against his enemies. Atahualpa nearly scoffed at that as he believed their behavior was not what one would expect of embassies and emissaries. In fact he knew of their earlier atrocities against the nuns dedicated to serve the god Inti in his temple. He demanded a full accounting of their behavior in his country and an apology from their leader Pizarro. He did however agree to meet with them in the city the next day. De Soto noticed the sight of his horses were unnerving some of the Inca's attendants so with an incredible display of horsemanship, he performed the tricks an experienced horseman would do.
He stopped short of the Inca with the horse just inches away from Atahualpa. While this frightened the attendants, the Inca was unblinking. This told the Spaniards that they were not dealing with a fearful one like Moctezuma II in Mexico and it gave them even more fear the night of the 15th and early on the 16th. Atahualpa displayed hospitality by serving chicha and agreed to meet Pizarro the following day. The next morning, Pizarro had his men strategically placed around the square where they were to meet.
When Atahualpa came with 7, unarmed soldiers and attendants, Friar Valverde spoke with him about the Spanish presence in his lands as well as engaged in a poorly executed attempt to explain to him the precepts of the Catholic religion , an attempt which was certainly not helped by an unskilled translator. After doing so, he offered Atahualpa a Bible in the expectation that he and his men would immediately convert to Christianity in preference to being considered an enemy of the Church and Spain by the Spanish Crown. The Inca-Spanish confrontation in the Battle of Cajamarca left thousands of natives dead. Atahualpa stated that he was no one's vassal and asked where they got their authority.
A popular but widely disputed [ by whom? Supposedly, when the Inca was presented with the Book he shook it close to his ear and asked "Why doesn't it speak to me? Supposedly, this is what gave the Spanish a reason to attack, starting the Battle of Cajamarca on 16 November Though the historical accounts relating to these circumstances vary, the true motivations for the attack seemed to be a desire for loot and flat-out impatience, in that the Inca did not adequately understand the conquistadors ' demands.
The fact that such a small number of Spanish troops were able to defeat the thousands Inca warriors at Cajamarca is attributable to many factors, among them that the Spanish had caballeros , cannon and guns while the Inca had only rustic armament. The Inca Empire also had a highly centralized chain of command directly related to the emperor's well-being or military victories which created a fictional perception of how the various gods perceived the Inca to either soldiers or commoners alike.
This meant that once the Spaniards held the emperor hostage, they effectively paralyzed the empires' forces for a time. At the signal to attack, the Spaniards unleashed volleys of gunfire at the vulnerable mass of Incas and surged forward in a concerted action. The effect was devastating, the shocked Incas offered such feeble resistance that the battle has often been labeled a massacre with the Inca losing 2, dead compared to five of Pizarro's men. Contemporary accounts by members of Pizarro's force explain how the Spanish forces used a cavalry charge against the Inca forces, who had never seen horses, in combination with gunfire from cover the Inca forces also had never encountered guns before.
Other factors in the Spaniard's favor were their steel swords, helmets and armor, against the Inca forces which only had leather armor and crude armament. The Spanish also had three small cannon which were used to great effect on the crowded town square. The first target of the Spanish attack was the Inca Emperor and his top commanders; once these had been killed or captured the Inca forces were disorganized as the command structure of the army had been effectively decapitated.
The majority of Atahualpa's troops were in the Cuzco region along with Quisquis and Challcuchima, the two generals he trusted the most. This was a major disadvantage for the Inca and their undoing was due to a lack of self-confidence, and a desire to make public demonstration of fearlessness and godlike command of situation. While Spanish armour was very effective against most of the Andean weapons, it was not impenetrable to maces, clubs, or slings.
The battle began with a shot from a cannon and the battle cry " Santiago! According to the Spanish envoy's demands, Atahualpa offered to fill a large room with gold and promised the Spanish twice that amount in silver. While Pizarro ostensibly accepted this offer and allowed the gold to pile up, he had no intention of releasing the Inca; he needed Atahualpa's influence over his generals and the people in order to maintain the peace. When Atahualpa was captured at the massacre at Cajamarca, he was treated with respect and is rumored to have learned from the Spanish soldiers the game of chess. Pizarro held Atahualpa for a ransom of gold and silver which began to arrive from Cuzco on 20 December and flowed steadily from then on.
By 3 May Pizarro received all the treasure he had requested; it was melted, refined, and made into bars. One of the main events in the conquest of the Incan Empire was the death of Atahualpa , the last Sapa Inca on 29 August The question eventually came up of what to do with Atahualpa; both Pizarro and Soto were against killing him, but the other Spaniards were loud in their demands for death. False interpretations from the interpreter Felipillo made the Spaniards paranoid. They were told that Atahualpa had ordered secret attacks and his warriors were hidden in the surrounding area. Soto went with a small army to look for the hidden army, but a trial for Atahualpa was held in his absence.
Among the charges were polygamy, incestuous marriage, and idolatry, all frowned upon in Catholicism but common in the Inca religion. The men who were against Atahualpa's conviction and murder argued that he should be judged by King Charles since he was the sovereign prince. Atahualpa agreed to accept baptism to avoid being burned at the stake and in the hopes of one day rejoining his army and killing the Spanish; ironically, he received the name Francisco. On 29 August Atahualpa was garrotted and died a Christian. He was buried with Christian rites in the church of San Francisco at Cajamarca, but was soon disinterred. His body was taken, probably at his prior request, to its final resting place in Quito.
Upon de Soto's return he was furious because he never found a trace of evidence of the secret gathering of Atahualpa's warriors. Having deprived the Inca empire of leadership, Pizarro and another conquistador, Hernando de Soto , moved south to Cuzco, the heart of Tawantinsuyu , which they captured in November ; they then led their men in an orgy of looting, pillaging, and torture in search of more precious metals. Bored with administering Central America, Alvarado had set sail for the south without the crown's authorization, landed on the Ecuadorian coast, and marched inland to the Sierra.
The situation went quickly downhill. As things began to fall apart, many parts of the Inca Empire revolted, some of them joining with the Spanish against their own rulers. Many kingdoms and tribes had been conquered or persuaded to join the Inca empire. They thought that by joining the Spaniards, they could gain their own freedom. But these native people never foresaw the massive waves of Spaniard immigrants coming to their land and the tragedy that they would bring upon their people.
He began his rule as an ally of the Spanish and was respected in the southern regions of the empire, but there was still much unrest in the north near Quito where Atahualpa's generals were amassing troops. Atahualpa's death meant that there was no hostage left to deter these northern armies from attacking the invaders. In the end, however, the Spanish succeeded in re-capturing Quito, effectively ending any organized rebellion in the north of the empire.
Archaeological evidence of the rebellion incident exists. The remains of about 70 men, women, and adolescents were found in the path of a planned expressway near Lima in Forensic evidence suggests that the natives were killed by European weapons, probably during the uprising in Manco Inca initially had good relations with Francisco Pizarro and several other Spanish conquistadors. However, in he was left in Cuzco under the control of Pizarro's brothers, Juan and Gonzalo, who so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately rebelled. Under the pretense of performing religious ceremonies in the nearby Yucay valley, Manco was able to escape Cuzco. Diego de Almagro , originally one of Francisco Pizarro's party, returned from his exploration of Chile, disappointed in not finding any wealth similar to that of Peru.
Manco Inca hoped to use the disagreement between Almagro and Pizarro to his advantage and attempted the recapture of Cuzco during the spring of The siege of Cuzco was waged until the following spring, and during that time Manco's armies managed to wipe three relief columns sent from Lima, but was ultimately unsuccessful in its goal of routing the Spaniards from the city. The Inca leadership did not have the full support of all its subject peoples and furthermore, the degrading state of Inca morale coupled with the superior Spanish siege weapons soon made Manco Inca realize his hope of recapturing Cuszo was failing. Manco Inca eventually withdrew to Vilcabamba after only 10 months of fighting, and therefore, the Spanish reinforcements from the Indies arriving under the command of Diego de Almagro eventually took the city once again without conflict..
After the Spanish regained control of Cuzco, Manco Inca and his armies retreated to the fortress at Ollantaytambo where he, for a time, successfully launched attacks against Pizarro based at Cuzco and even managed to defeat the Spanish in an open battle. However, when it became clear that defeat was imminent, they retreated further to the mountainous region of Vilcabamba , where the Manco Inca continued to hold some power for several more decades. After deadly confrontations, he was murdered by the Spanish in The Spaniards destroyed almost every Inca building in Cuzco, [ citation needed ] built a Spanish city over the old foundations, and proceeded to colonize and exploit the former empire.
In total, the conquest took about forty years to complete. Many Inca attempts to regain the empire had occurred, but none had been successful. Thus the Spanish conquest was achieved through relentless force, legendary cruelty and deception, aided by factors like smallpox and a great communication and cultural divide. The Spaniards destroyed much of the Incan culture and introduced the Spanish culture to the native population. A struggle for power resulted in a long civil war between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro in which Almagro was killed. Almagro's descendants later avenged his death by killing Pizarro in Despite the war, the Spaniards did not neglect the colonizing process.
Spanish royal authority on these territories was consolidated by the creation of an Audiencia Real , a type of appellate court. In January , Lima was founded, from which the political and administrative institutions were to be organized. Nevertheless, the Viceroyalty of Peru was not organized until the arrival of a later Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in The long term effects of the arrival of the Spanish on the population of South America were simply catastrophic. While this is the case for every group of Native-Americans that encountered Europeans from the fifteenth century onwards, the Incan population suffered a dramatic and quick decline following contact.
It is estimated that parts of the empire, notably the Central Andes, suffered a population decline ratio of during the years of — The single greatest cause of the demise of native populations was disease. Old World diseases brought over unknowingly by colonists and conquistadors wreaked havoc on native populations at a greater rate than any army or armed conflict. However, it is apparent that illness from the Spaniards predated their actual presence in the region by several years. The outbreak, believed to be hemorrhagic smallpox, entered the Andes in While numbers are unavailable, Spanish records indicate that the population was so devastated by disease that their forces could hardly be resisted.
However, whether the illness of the s was actually smallpox has been contested; a minority of scholars claim that the epidemic was actually due to an indigenous illness called Carrion's disease. In any case, a study by N. Cook, the results of which were published in , show that the Andes suffered from three separate population declines during colonization. The first was of 30—50 percent during the first outbreak of smallpox. Then, when smallpox was followed with the measles, another decline of 25—30 percent occurred. Finally, when smallpox and measles appeared together, which occurred from to , a decline of 30—60 percent occurred.
Collectively these declines amounted to a decline of 93 percent from the population pre-contact in the Andes region. Beyond the devastation of the local populations by disease, there was also considerable enslavement, pillaging and destruction from warfare. Thousands of women were taken from the local populations by the Spanish and used by conquistadors as personal vassals. As Pizarro and his men took over portions of South America they plundered and enslaved countless people. There are some Spanish documents that suggest that the local populations entered into vassalage willingly, but these are likely cases of people being threatened with death after the destruction of their region.
The basic policy of the Spanish towards local populations was that voluntary vassalage would yield safety and coexistence while continued resistance would lead to more death and destruction. Another significant effect on the people in South America was the spread of Christianity. As Pizarro and the Spanish subdued the continent and brought it under their control, they forcefully converted many to Christianity, claiming to have educated them in the ways of the "one true religion. It took just a generation for the entire continent to be under Christian influence.
The names for transactional analysis eric berne gender identities are deeply connected to the religious customs of the Aztecs, David Mcdermott Case Cortezs Campaign Against Aztec Empire such, did play a large role in Aztec society. Archaeological evidence of the rebellion incident exists. Better Essays. The houses are more Cortezs Campaign Against Aztec Empire two hundred paces in length, and very well built, being surrounded by strong walls, three times the height of a man. Then, two expedition went to north America to find gold and silver but they did not find any gold and silver. World Digital Library.