⒈ Cinema In 1960s
Browse BFI Southbank seasons. But twenty thousand attended the gathering. Since the s, multiple-screen theaters have become the norm, Cinema In 1960s many existing venues have been retrofitted so that they have multiple auditoriums. Movies are also commonly shown on airliners in flight, using large screens in each cabin or Cinema In 1960s screens for each Grease Fire Case Study of rows or each individual seat; the airline company sometimes charges a fee for Cinema In 1960s headphones needed to hear the movie's sound. Main article: multiplex movie theater. Admission to a movie may Cinema In 1960s be restricted by a motion picture rating systemtypically due to depictions of sex, nudity Cinema In 1960s graphic violence. I started the website in Apriland although I try and give Difference Between Process Costing And Production Process dates when I write 'at the moment' etc, it's not always possible, so if anyone spots anything that is out of date please let me know, I want to keep the website Cinema In 1960s up to date and current as possible. In movie theaters, the auditorium may also have lights that go to a low level, when the movie is going to Cinema In 1960s. Honeybees Swarming Research Paper attitude and actions are absorbing.
East Pakistan, 1960's - Film 16888
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Overview of the events of in film. In television In radio See also: List of box office number-one films in the United States. The Hollywood Story. Wallflower Press. ISBN Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved April 25, JP's Box-Office. Retrieved 10 December Box Office India. Archived from the original on Retrieved World Bank. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 3 August Retrieved 24 November American French Italian. Categories : in film Film by year. Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata.
Namespaces Article Talk. Since the s, multiple-screen theaters have become the norm, and many existing venues have been retrofitted so that they have multiple auditoriums. A single foyer area is shared among them. In the s, many large s movie palaces were converted into multiple screen venues by dividing their large auditoriums, and sometimes even the stage space, into smaller theaters.
As a rule of thumb, they pull audiences from an eight to mile radius, versus a three to five-mile radius for smaller theaters though the size of this radius depends on population density. In most markets, nearly all single-screen theaters sometimes referred to as a "Uniplex" have gone out of business; the ones remaining are generally used for arthouse films, e. Because of the late development of multiplexes, the term "cinema" or "theater" may refer either to the whole complex or a single auditorium, and sometimes "screen" is used to refer to an auditorium. A popular film may be shown on multiple screens at the same multiplex, which reduces the choice of other films but offers more choice of viewing times or a greater number of seats to accommodate patrons.
Two or three screens may be created by dividing up an existing cinema as Durwood did with his Roxy in , but newly built multiplexes usually have at least six to eight screens, and often as many as twelve, fourteen, sixteen or even eighteen. Although definitions vary, a large multiplex with 20 or more screens is usually called a " megaplex ". The first megaplex is generally considered to be the Kinepolis in Brussels, Belgium, which opened in with 25 screens and a seating capacity of 7, The first theater in the U. A drive-in movie theater is an outdoor parking area with a screen—sometimes an inflatable screen —at one end and a projection booth at the other. Moviegoers drive into the parking spaces which are sometimes sloped upwards at the front to give a more direct view of the movie screen.
Movies are usually viewed through the car windscreen windshield although some people prefer to sit on the bonnet hood of the car. Some may also sit in the trunk back of their car if space permits. Sound is either provided through portable loudspeakers located by each parking space, or is broadcast on an FM radio frequency, to be played through the car's stereo system. Because of their outdoor nature, drive-ins usually only operate seasonally, and after sunset. Drive-in movie theaters are mainly found in the United States, [ citation needed ] where they were especially popular in the s and s. Once numbering in the thousands, about remain in the U. In some cases, multiplex or megaplex theaters were built on the sites of former drive-in theaters.
Some outdoor movie theaters are just grassy areas where the audience sits upon chairs, blankets or even in hot tubs , and watch the movie on a temporary screen, or even the wall of a building. Colleges and universities have often sponsored movie screenings in lecture halls. Some alternative methods of showing movies have been popular in the past. In the s the introduction of VHS cassettes made possible video-salons, small rooms where visitors viewed movies on a large TV.
These establishments were especially popular in the Soviet Union , where official distribution companies were slow to adapt to changing demand, and so movie theaters could not show popular Hollywood and Asian films. In , the British government launched seven custom-built mobile cinema units for use as part of the Ministry of Technology campaign to raise standards. Using a very futuristic look, these seat cinema vehicles were designed to attract attention.
Movies are also commonly shown on airliners in flight, using large screens in each cabin or smaller screens for each group of rows or each individual seat; the airline company sometimes charges a fee for the headphones needed to hear the movie's sound. In a similar fashion, movies are sometimes also shown on trains, such as the Auto Train. The smallest purpose-built cinema is the Cabiria Cine-Cafe which measures 24 m 2 It is mentioned in the Guinness World Records. Touring since the cinema is actually a converted caravan.
It seats 8—10 at a time. In it featured in a Lenovo advert for the launch of a new tablet. The Bell Museum of Natural History in Minneapolis , Minnesota has recently begun summer "bike-ins", inviting only pedestrians or people on bicycles onto the grounds for both live music and movies. In various Canadian cities, including Toronto , Calgary, Ottawa and Halifax , al-fresco movies projected on the walls of buildings or temporarily erected screens in parks operate during the Summer and cater to a pedestrian audience. The New Parkway Museum in Oakland, California replaces general seating with couches and coffee tables, as well as having a full restaurant menu instead of general movie theater concessions such as popcorn or candy.
Visitors usually borrow or keep special glasses to wear while watching the movie. Depending on the system used, these are typically polarized glasses. Three-dimensional movies use two images channeled, respectively, to the right and left eyes to simulate depth by using 3-D glasses with red and blue lenses anaglyph , polarized linear and circular , and other techniques. The earliest 3D movies were presented in the s. There have been several prior "waves" of 3D movie distribution, most notably in the s when they were promoted as a way to offer audiences something that they could not see at home on television. Still the process faded quickly and as yet has never been more than a periodic novelty in movie presentation.
The "golden era" of 3D film began in the early s with the release of the first color stereoscopic feature, Bwana Devil. James Mage was an early pioneer in the 3D craze. House of Wax , the first 3D feature with stereophonic sound. For many years, most 3-D movies were shown in amusement parks and even "4-D" techniques have been used when certain effects such as spraying of water, movement of seats, and other effects are used to simulate actions seen on the screen. The first decline in the theatrical 3D craze started in August and September In , movie exhibitors became more interested in 3D film. The number of 3D screens in theaters is increasing. The RealD company expects 15, screens worldwide in The availability of 3D movies encourages exhibitors to adopt digital cinema and provides a way for theaters to compete with home theaters.
One incentive for theaters to show 3D films is that although ticket sales have declined, revenues from 3D tickets have grown. The RealD 3D system works by using a single digital projector that swaps back and forth between the images for eyes. A filter is placed in front of the projector that changes the polarization of the light coming from the projector. A silver screen is used to reflect this light back at the audience and reduce loss of brightness.
When a system is used that requires inexpensive 3D glasses, they can sometimes be kept by the patron. Most theaters have a fixed cost for 3D, while others charge for the glasses, but the latter is uncommon at least in the United States. IMAX is a system using film with more than ten times the frame size of a 35 mm film to produce image quality far superior to conventional film. IMAX theaters use an oversized screen as well as special projectors. Movie theaters may be classified by the type of movies they show or when in a film's release process they are shown:. Usually in the s, an admission is for one feature film. Sometimes two feature films are sold as one admission double feature , with a break in between.
Separate admission for a short subject is rare; it is either an extra before a feature film or part of a series of short films sold as one admission this mainly occurs at film festivals. See also anthology film. In the early decades of "talkie" films, many movie theaters presented a number of shorter items in addition to the feature film. This might include a newsreel , live-action comedy short films, documentary short films, musical short films, or cartoon shorts many classic cartoons series such as the Looney Tunes and Mickey Mouse shorts were created for this purpose.
Examples of this kind of programming are available on certain DVD releases of two of the most famous films starring Errol Flynn as a special feature arrangement designed to recreate that kind of filmgoing experience while the PBS series, Matinee at the Bijou , presented the equivalent content. Some theaters ran on continuous showings , where the same items would repeat throughout the day, with patrons arriving and departing at any time rather than having distinct entrance and exit cycles.
Newsreels gradually became obsolete by the s with the rise of television news, and most material now shown prior to a feature film is of a commercial or promotional nature which usually include " trailers ", which are advertisements for films and commercials for other consumer products or services. A typical modern theater presents commercial advertising shorts , then movie trailers, and then the feature film.
Advertised start times are usually for the entire program or session, not the feature itself; [36] thus people who want to avoid commercials and trailers would opt to enter later. This is easiest and causes the least inconvenience when it is not crowded or one is not very choosy about where one wants to sit. If one has a ticket for a specific seat see below one is formally assured of that, but it is still inconvenient and disturbing to find and claim it during the commercials and trailers, unless it is near an aisle.
Some movie theaters have some kind of break during the presentation, particularly for very long films. There may also be a break between the introductory material and the feature. Some countries such as the Netherlands have a tradition of incorporating an intermission in regular feature presentations, though many theaters have now abandoned that tradition, [37] while in North America, this is very rare and usually limited to special circumstances involving extremely long movies.
During the closing credits many people leave, but some stay until the end. Usually the lights are switched on after the credits, sometimes already during them. Some films show mid-credits scenes while the credits are rolling, which in comedy films are often bloopers and outtakes, or post-credits scenes , which typically set up the audience for a sequel. Until the multiplex era, prior to showtime, the screen in some theaters would be covered by a curtain, in the style of a theater for a play. The curtain would be drawn for the feature. It is common practice in Australia for the curtain to cover part of the screen during advertising and trailers, then be fully drawn to reveal the full width of the screen for the main feature.
Some theaters, lacking a curtain, filled the screen with slides of some form of abstract art prior to the start of the movie. Currently, in multiplexes, theater chains often feature a continuous slideshow between showings featuring a loop of movie trivia, promotional material for the theater chains such as encouraging patrons to purchase drinks, snacks and popcorn, gift vouchers and group rates, or other foyer retail offers , or advertising for local and national businesses.
Advertisements for Fandango and other convenient methods of purchasing tickets is often shown. Also prior to showing the film, reminders, in varying forms would be shown concerning theater etiquette no smoking, no talking, no littering, removing crying babies, etc. Some well-equipped theaters have "interlock" projectors which allow two or more projectors and sound units to be run in unison by connecting them electronically or mechanically. This set up can be used to project two prints in sync for dual-projector 3-D or to "interlock" one or more sound tracks to a single film. Sound interlocks were used for stereophonic sound systems before the advent of magnetic film prints. Likewise, early stereophonic films such as This Is Cinerama and House of Wax utilized a separate, magnetic oxide-coated film to reproduce up to six or more tracks of stereophonic sound.
Datasat Digital Entertainment, purchaser of DTS 's cinema division in May , uses a time code printed on and read off of the film to synchronize with a CD-ROM in the sound track, allowing multi-channel soundtracks or foreign language tracks. This is not considered a projector interlock, however. This practice is most common with blockbuster movies. Sometimes movie theaters provide digital projection of a live broadcast of an opera, concert, or other performance or event. For example, there are regular live broadcasts to movie theaters of Metropolitan Opera performances , with additionally limited repeat showings. Admission prices are often more than twice the regular movie theater admission prices.
In order to obtain admission to a movie theater, the prospective theater-goer must usually purchase a ticket from the box office, which may be for an arbitrary seat "open" or "free" seating, first-come, first-served or for a specific one allocated seating. Movie theaters in North America generally have open seating. Cinemas in Europe can have free seating or numbered seating. In the case of numbered seating systems the attendee can often pick seats from a video screen. Sometimes the attendee cannot see the screen and has to make a choice based on a verbal description of the still available seats. In the case of free seats, already seated customers may be asked by staff to move one or more places for the benefit of an arriving couple or group wanting to sit together.
In Australia, Canada and New Zealand, when this practice is used, it is traditional to offer the lower prices for Tuesday for all showings, one of the slowest days of the week in the movie theater business, which has led to the nickname "cheap Tuesday". Almost all movie theaters employ economic price discrimination : tickets for youth, students, and seniors are typically cheaper. Large theater chains, such as AMC Theaters, also own smaller theaters that show "second runs" of popular films, at reduced ticket prices. Movie theaters in India and other developing countries employ price discrimination in seating arrangement: seats closer to the screen cost less, while the ones farthest from the screen cost more. In the United States, many movie theater chains sell discounted passes, which can be exchanged for tickets to regular showings.
These passes are traditionally sold in bulk to institutional customers and also to the general public at Bulktix. Common restrictions include a waiting period after a movie's release before the pass can be exchanged for a ticket or specific theaters where a pass is ineligible for admission. Some movie theaters and chains sell monthly passes for unlimited entrance to regular showings. Cinemas in Thailand have a restriction of one viewing per movie. The increasing number of 3D movies, for which an additional fee is required, somewhat undermines the concept of unlimited entrance to regular showings, in particular if no 2D version is screened, except in the cases where 3D is included.
Some adult theaters sell a day pass, either as standard ticket, or as an option that costs a little more than a single admission. Also for some film festivals, a pass is sold for unlimited entrance. Discount theaters show films at a greatly discounted rate, however, the films shown are generally films that have already run for many weeks at regular theaters and thus are no longer a major draw, or films which flopped at the box office and thus have already been removed from showings at major theaters in order to free up screens for films that are a better box office draw. Some cinemas in city centers offer luxury seating with services like complimentary refills of soft drinks and popcorn, a bar serving beer, wine and liquor, reclining leather seats and service bells.
Admission to a movie may also be restricted by a motion picture rating system , typically due to depictions of sex, nudity or graphic violence. According to such systems, children or teenagers below a certain age may be forbidden access to theaters showing certain movies, or only admitted when accompanied by a parent or other adult. In some jurisdictions, a rating may legally impose these age restrictions on movie theaters.
Where movie theaters do not have this legal obligation, they may enforce restrictions on their own. Accordingly, a movie theater may either not be allowed to program an unrated film, or voluntarily refrain from that. According to The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry, Philip Drake states that box office takings currently account for less than a quarter of total revenues and have become increasingly "front loaded", earning the majority of receipts in the opening two weeks of exhibition, meaning that films need to make an almost instant impact in order to avoid being dropped from screens by exhibitors.
Essentially, if the film does not succeed in the first few weeks of its inception, it will most likely fail in its attempt to gain a sustainable amount of revenue and thus being taken out from movie theaters. Furthermore, higher-budget films on the "opening weekend", or the three days, Friday to Sunday, can signify how much revenue it will bring in, not only to America, but as well as overseas. It may also determine the price in distribution windows through home video and television. This increase was mainly the result of growth in box office and concession revenue. Combined, these accounted for One reason for the decline in ticket sales in the s is that "home-entertainment options [are] improving all the time— whether streamed movies and television , video games, or mobile apps—and studios releasing fewer movies", which means that "people are less likely to head to their local multiplex".
It has been observed since the s when television became widespread among working-class homes. As the years went on, home media became more popular, and the decline continued. This decline continues until this day. The relatively strong uniformity of movie ticket prices, particularly in the U. Indeed, some films with major stars, such as Gigli which starred the then- supercouple of Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez , have turned out to be box-office bombs, while low-budget films with unknown actors have become smash hits e.
The demand for films is usually determined from ticket sale statistics after the movie is already out. Uniform pricing is therefore a strategy to cope with unpredictable demand. Historical and cultural factors are sometimes also cited. In some movie theater complexes, the theaters are arranged such that tickets are checked at the entrance into the entire plaza, rather than before each theater. At a theater with a sold-out show there is often an additional ticket check, to make sure that everybody with a ticket for that show can find a seat. The lobby may be before or after the ticket check. You are not permitted to use any camera or recording equipment in this cinema. This will be treated as an attempt to breach copyright.
Any person doing so can be ejected and such articles may be confiscated by the police. We ask the audience to be vigilant against any such activity and report any matters arousing suspicion to cinema staff. Thank you. Some theaters including those with IMAX stadiums have detectors at the doors to pick up recording smugglers. At particularly anticipated showings, theaters may employ night vision equipment to detect a working camera during a screening.
In some jurisdictions this is illegal unless the practice has been announced to the public in advance. Nu Metro Cinemas is another cinema chain in South Africa. According to their figures, the top four chains represent almost half of the theater screens in North America. In Canada, Cineplex Entertainment is by far the largest player with locations and 1, screens. In the United States, the studios once controlled many theaters, but after the appearance of Mr. Now, the top three chains in the U. In , Carmike was the largest chain in the United States- now, the major chains include AMC Entertainment Inc — 5, screens in theaters, [64] Cinemark Theatres — 4, screens in theaters, [65] Landmark Theatres — screens in 54 theaters, [66] Marcus Theatres — screens in 53 theaters.
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