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This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Tierney M. Enforcing a minimum isoperimetric quotient would encourage districts with a high ratio between area and Stanley Milgrams Experiments On Obedience. Genetic engineering bbc bitesize New York Times. Next, a conspiracy theory that has spanned the globe.
GCSE Biology - Genetic Engineering Insulin
This allows Congress to create new districts once a place reaches , inhabitants, the minimum required for its creation. With this, local dynasties, through congressmen, can exert influence in the district-making process by creating bills carving new districts from old ones. In time, as the population of the Philippines increases, these districts, or groups of it, will be the basis of carving new provinces out of existing ones. An example was in Camarines Sur , where two districts were divided into three districts which allegedly favors the Andaya and the Arroyo families; it caused Rolando Andaya and Dato Arroyo , who would have otherwise run against each other, run in separate districts, with one district allegedly not even surpassing the ,population minimum.
In recent decades, critics have accused the ruling People's Action Party PAP of unfair electoral practices to maintain significant majorities in the Parliament of Singapore. Among the complaints are that the government uses gerrymandering. Members of opposition parties claim that the Group Representation Constituency system is "synonymous to gerrymandering", pointing out examples of Cheng San GRC and Eunos GRC which were dissolved by the Elections Department with voters redistributed to other constituencies after opposition parties gained ground in elections. Until the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic in , Spain used both single-member and multi-member constituencies in general elections. Multi-member constituencies were only used in some big cities. These districts were created in order to prevent the Federal Democratic Republican Party to win a seat in Figueres or La Bisbal and to secure a seat to the dynastic parties.
Since , the constituency boundaries match the province boundaries. After the Francoist dictatorship , during the transition to democracy , these fixed provincial constituencies were reestablished in Section European , some regional and municipal elections are held under single, at-large multi-member constituencies with proportional representation and gerrymandering is not possible either. Sri Lanka's new Local Government elections process has been the talking point of gerrymandering since its inception.
In the most recent election of , there were numerous examples of gerrymandering throughout the entire country of Sudan. A report from the Rift Valley Institute uncovered violations of Sudan's electoral law, where constituencies were created that were well below and above the required limit. The Rift Valley Report uncovered a number of constituencies that are in violation of this rule. Examples include constituencies in Jonglei, Warrap, South Darfur, and several other states. Turkey has used gerrymandering in the city of Istanbul in the municipal elections. Just before the election Istanbul was divided into new districts. Large low income neighborhoods were bundled with the rich neighborhoods to win the municipal elections.
Prior to the establishment of Home Rule in Northern Ireland , the UK government had installed the single transferable vote STV system in Ireland to secure fair elections in terms of proportional representation in its Parliaments. After two elections under that system, in Stormont changed the electoral system to be the same as the rest of the United Kingdom : a single-member first past the post system. Some scholars believe that the boundaries were gerrymandered to under-represent Nationalists. Whyte , disagree. Most observers have acknowledged that the change to a single-winner system was a key factor, however, in stifling the growth of smaller political parties, such as the Northern Ireland Labour Party and Independent Unionists.
In the election, Unionists won After Westminster reintroduced direct rule in , it restored the single transferable vote STV for elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly in the following year, using the same definitions of constituencies as for the Westminster Parliament. Currently, in Northern Ireland, all elections use STV except those for positions in the Westminster Parliament , which follow the pattern in the rest of the United Kingdom by using "first past the post.
Gerrymandering Irish: Claonroinnt in local elections was introduced in by the Leech Commission. This was a one-man commission: Sir John Leech, K. These county councils, and most of the district councils, remained under Unionist control, despite the majority of their population being Catholic, until the United Kingdom government imposed Direct Rule in Leech's new electoral boundaries for the Londonderry County Borough Council election reduced the number of wards from four to three, only one of which would have a Nationalist majority. This resulted in election of a Unionist council in every election, until the County Borough Council's replacement in by the unelected Londonderry Development Commission, in a city where Nationalists had a large majority and had won previous elections.
Some critics and supporters spoke at the time of " A Protestant Parliament for a Protestant People ". In Armagh there are 68, Protestants, 56, Catholics. The County Council has twenty-two Protestants and eight Catholics. In Tyrone , Catholics are a majority of the population, 82, against 68,; but the electoral districts have been so arranged that Unionists return sixteen as against thirteen Nationalists one a Protestant. This Council gives to the Unionists two to one majority on its Committees, and out of fifty-two officials employs only five Catholics. In Antrim , which has the largest Protestant majority , to 40, , twenty-six Unionists and three Catholics are returned.
Sixty officers out of sixty-five are good Unionists and Protestants. Initially Leech drew the boundaries, but from the s to the s the province-wide government redrew them to reinforce the gerrymander. The number of electors in a United Kingdom constituency can vary considerably, with the smallest constituency currently electoral register having fewer than a fifth of the electors of the largest Scotland's Na h-Eileanan an Iar 21, constituents and Orkney and Shetland 34, , compared to England's North West Cambridgeshire 93, and Isle of Wight , This variation has resulted from:. Under the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies , the Coalition government planned to review and redraw the parliamentary constituency boundaries for the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
The review and redistricting was to be carried out by the four UK boundary commissions to produce a reduction from to seats, and more uniform sizes, such that a constituency was to have no fewer than 70, and no more than 80, electors. The process was intended to address historic malapportionment , and be complete by An opposition Labour motion to suspend the review until after the next general election was tabled in the House of Lords and a vote called in the United Kingdom House of Commons , in January The motion was passed with the help of the Liberal Democrats, going back on an election pledge. As of October [update] , a new review is in progress and a draft of the new boundaries has been published. The United States, among the first countries with an elected representative government, was the source of the term gerrymander as stated above.
The practice of gerrymandering the borders of new states continued past the Civil War and into the late 19th century. The Republican Party used its control of Congress to secure the admission of more states in territories friendly to their party—the admission of Dakota Territory as two states instead of one being a notable example. By the rules for representation in the Electoral College , each new state carried at least three electoral votes regardless of its population. All redistricting in the United States has been contentious because it has been controlled by political parties vying for power.
As a consequence of the decennial census required by the United States Constitution , districts for members of the House of Representatives typically need to be redrawn whenever the number of members in a state changes. In many states, state legislatures redraw boundaries for state legislative districts at the same time. State legislatures have used gerrymandering along racial lines both to decrease and increase minority representation in state governments and congressional delegations. In Ohio, a conversation between Republican officials was recorded that demonstrated that redistricting was being done to aid their political candidates. Furthermore, the discussions assessed the race of voters as a factor in redistricting, on the premise that African-Americans tend to back Democratic candidates.
Republicans removed approximately 13, African-American voters from the district of Jim Raussen , a Republican candidate for the House of Representatives, in an apparent attempt to tip the scales in what was once a competitive district for Democratic candidates. With the Civil Rights Movement and passage of the Voting Rights Act of , federal enforcement and protections of suffrage for all citizens were enacted. Gerrymandering for the purpose of reducing the political influence of a racial or ethnic minority group was prohibited. After the Voting Rights Act of was passed, some states created "majority-minority" districts to enhance minority voting strength.
This practice, also called "affirmative gerrymandering", was supposed to redress historic discrimination and ensure that ethnic minorities would gain some seats and representation in government. In some states, bipartisan gerrymandering is the norm. State legislators from both parties sometimes agree to draw congressional district boundaries in a way that ensures the re-election of most or all incumbent representatives from both parties. Rather than allowing more political influence, some states have shifted redistricting authority from politicians and given it to non-partisan redistricting commissions.
The states of Washington, [] Arizona, [] and California [] have created standing committees for redistricting following the census. It has been argued however that in California's case, gerrymandering still continued despite this change. Florida's amendments 5 and 6, meanwhile, established rules for the creation of districts but did not mandate an independent commission. International election observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, who were invited to observe and report on the national elections , expressed criticism of the U. In , an analyst reported that the two major parties differ in the way they redraw districts. The Democrats construct coalition districts of liberals and minorities together with conservatives which results in Democratic-leaning districts.
Benisek and Rucho v. Common Cause that federal courts lacked jurisdiction to hear challenges over partisan gerrymandering. Prior to the 26 September legislative elections , gerrymandering took place via an addendum to the electoral law by the National Assembly of Venezuela. In a play on words , the use of race-conscious procedures in jury selection has been termed "jurymandering".
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Manipulation of electoral district borders to favor certain outcomes of an election. For the documentary film, see Gerrymandering film. It is not to be confused with the jerrymander arachnids or with the germander plants. General forms. Related topics. Allophilia Amatonormativity Anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms Bias Christian privilege Civil liberties Cultural assimilation Dehumanization Diversity Ethnic penalty Eugenics Heteronormativity Internalized oppression Intersectionality Male privilege Masculism Medical model of disability autism Multiculturalism Net bias Neurodiversity Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news Racism by country Religious intolerance Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social model of disability Social stigma Stereotype threat The talk White privilege Woke.
Basic types. Political party Voting Electoral systems. Elections by country Close elections Most recent Next general elections National and local elections in Election security Electoral fraud Referendum by country. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
November Learn how and when to remove this template message. Minimal convex polygon, showing how to rate district shape irregularity. See also: Compactness measure of a shape and Polsby—Popper test. See also: Geographic information system. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. October Learn how and when to remove this template message. See also: List of Malaysian electoral districts. Main article: Elections in Spain. This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page.
April Main article: Gerrymandering in the United States. Politics portal. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed. Pearson Longman. ISBN Retrieved 10 February This remained a constant feature of Northern Ireland's local government for 50 years. Politicians pick their voters Wayne Dawkins". The Guardian. ISSN Retrieved 28 June NPR Morning Edition. Retrieved 8 November The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander. Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Co.
Detailed biographies and academic journal articles about Stuart make no reference to gerrymandering. The myth of Stuart's association with the original gerrymander has been reproduced and spread without verification or sources, from one reference book and Internet site to another. Modern scholars of Stuart agree that no proof exists to credit him with the term or cartoon and that he tended not to be involved with such issues. Martis, Kenneth C. Political Geography.
Connecticut Historical Bulletin. Original woodblocks for printing "Gerrymander" political cartoon. Geography and Map Reading Room. The first usage outside of the immediate Boston area appeared in the Newburyport Herald Massachusetts on 31 March, and the first use outside of Massachusetts came in the Concord Gazette New Hampshire on 14 April What may be the first use of the term to describe the redistricting in another state Maryland occurred in the Federal Republican Georgetown, D. All in all, there are at least 80 known citations of the word from March through December in American newspapers. New York: Oxford University Press. Wicked Local. Retrieved 26 January National Journal. Archived from the original on 9 May CBS News. Retrieved 14 May Retrieved 15 November — via Google Books.
Columbia Law Review. JSTOR Retrieved 25 December Retrieved 29 March Retrieved 12 April University of Chicago Law Review. SSRN The New Republic. Retrieved 22 November New York Times. Masket, Jonathan Winburn and Gerald C. Wright, The Gerrymanderers Are Coming! March Social Science Quarterly. American Journal of Political Science. CiteSeerX The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 November Retrieved 5 August Committee for Economic Development. Retrieved 7 June Org, 14 December The New York Times Editorial. Madrid: Government of Spain. Retrieved 12 December Retrieved 5 March NBC News. Political parties: their organization and activity in the modern state.
Internet Archive. London : Methuen. Michael McDonald, U. Retrieved 6 April Sims states that "a state legislative apportionment scheme may properly give representation to various political subdivisions and provide for compact districts of contiguous territory if substantial equality among districts is maintained. Fixing It Is Harder". Retrieved 30 June Retrieved 19 December Retrieved 8 May It is these proteins that give the plant its characteristics. For example, the colour of flowers is determined by genes that carry the instructions for making proteins involved in producing the pigments that colour petals. This could include changing the way the plant grows, or making it resistant to a particular disease.
One of the methods used to transfer DNA is to coat the surface of small metal particles with the relevant DNA fragment, and bombard the particles into the plant cells. Another method is to use a bacterium or virus. There are many viruses and bacteria that transfer their DNA into a host cell as a normal part of their life cycle. For GM plants, the bacterium most frequently used is called Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
The gene of interest is transferred into the bacterium and the bacterial cells then transfer the new DNA to the genome of the plant cells. The plant cells that have successfully taken up the DNA are then grown to create a new plant. This is possible because individual plant cells have an impressive capacity to generate entire plants. We may also face dramatic climate variations between different geological eras. In the past the Earth has been not just colder, but also warmer. During the Eocene, temperatures were 10C warmer, with palms and alligators in the Arctic and equatorial regions too hot for unprotected humans to survive in. Then there is the risk of supervolcanism, meteor impacts, gamma ray bursts, or emergent ecological disruptions, which we know have led to natural mass extinctions about once every million years.
Ultimately, Homo Sapiens may not endure as a species because we could evolve into something else. We are constantly mutating and subject to natural selection even today with good healthcare, road accidents are slowly selecting away people likely to kill themselves in traffic while young , and modern biotechnology allows us to modify our genes deliberately. Not to mention technologies that allow us to merge with the artificial. Over millions of years it is unlikely that we will stay the same — unless we make a deliberate decision to preserve our genetics and can make that decision stick over geological timescale. The irony is that to survive longer than our fellow mammalian species, we have to become something very different from what we are.
The problem is that the heat of the Sun leads to increased weathering of rock, which in turn leads to chemical reactions that removes significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the air as part of the carbon cycle, eventually starving plant-life. In addition, the planet eventually overheats as a runaway greenhouse, with more and more water vapour a potent greenhouse gas evaporating from the oceans, making it even hotter. An ever-brightening Sun could cause our descendants serious problems Credit: Getty Images. One approach is to try to protect the biosphere with megascale engineering for as long as possible.
We may perform geoengineering by adding reflective aerosols to the stratosphere, build a solar shade between the Earth and Sun, or even move the planet outwards. Another solution is to move life into space, if we have not already done so. Even if these structures appear hard to build, we should remember that we literally have a billion years to become more skilled, richer, and to work on them. The surface temperature goes down but the total light output is far larger due to the huge surface area. This likely spells the end for the Earth, since it is likely to be swallowed by the Sun as it expands. To survive this, any intelligent life living in the Solar System will need to move to other solar systems. This article is part of a BBC Future series about the long view of humanity , which aims to stand back from the daily news cycle and widen the lens of our current place in time.
To people already living on self-sufficient space habitats, setting them in motion towards new destinations might be fairly natural. They would need energy sources that could last for a long time not to mention to give them a decent speed and enough material to maintain the habitat for the multi-millennia transit. The most likely way to get to the stars might, however, be tiny nanorobot spacecraft.
Instead of using vast energy to push giant starships to a modest velocity, it might be better used to send tiny craft fast using a reflective sail and a powerful laser. They are small and redundant: if one does not make it, send a thousand. They could also carry the genetic elements to create life — even human beings. Once they arrive, they land on a suitable asteroid, unfold solar collectors, mine material and build more robots, solar collectors and factories. Eventually they can build habitats and nurture people to live in them. Moving to space may be our chance of very long-term survival Credit: Getty Images. It might well be that no biological human will ever physically leave the Solar System. At this point we might question whether it is actually our humanity or a new species that is spreading.
But if our descendants survive the red giant Sun they will now be living among the stars of the galaxy.
See related questions How common are genes in food? These districts were created in order to genetic engineering bbc bitesize the Federal Democratic Republican Party to win a seat in Figueres or La Bisbal and to secure a seat to the dynastic parties. Magnet Student Research Paper Pennsylvania, for example, Democratic candidates for the House of Genetic engineering bbc bitesize received 83, genetic engineering bbc bitesize votes than Republican candidates, yet the Republican-controlled redistricting process in resulted in Democrats losing to their Republican counterparts in 13 out of Pennsylvania's 18 districts. Melbourne, Genetic engineering bbc bitesize. Stars and planets will slowly turn into radiation plus free electrons and positrons, unable to form habitable systems. On rare occasions, the process of DNA transfer can happen Examples Of Foreshadow In Macbeth deliberate human intervention. Namespaces Article Talk.