✪✪✪ Student Counselor Case Study
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Teaching Technique 24: Case Studies
France mandates school counseling in high schools. Gambia mandates school counseling. The school counselor-to-student ratio in Georgia is Two German states require school counseling at all education levels; high school counseling is established in all states. Ghana mandates school counseling. There are provisions for academic and career counseling in middle and high schools but school counseling is not mandated. Social-emotional and mental-health counseling is done in community agencies. The team organized seminars and lectures to train the first career counselors in Greece in School counseling is present in high schools.
Hong Kong mandates school counseling. Iceland mandates school counseling. Indonesia mandates school counseling in middle and high school. Middle school students are the priority for school counseling in Iran. It is mandated in high schools but there are not enough school counselors particularly in rural areas. In Ireland, school counseling began in County Dublin in the s and went countrywide in the s.
However, legislation in the early s severely curtailed the movement due to budget constraints. The main organization for the school counseling profession is the Institute of Guidance Counsellors IGC , which has a code of ethics. School counselor roles varied due to three elements: the school counselor's personal preferences, school level, and the principal's expectations.
School counseling is not well developed in Italy. In Japan, school counseling is a recent phenomenon with school counselors being introduced in the mids and often part-time focused on behavioral issues. Jordan mandates school counseling with 1, school counselors working in — In Lebanon, the government sponsored the first training of school counselors for public elementary and middle schools in There are now school counselors in one-fifth of the elementary and middle schools in Lebanon but none in high schools.
Private schools have some school counselors serving all grade levels but the focus is individual counseling and remedial. Last, for persons trained in Western models of school counseling, there are dangers of overlooking unique cultural and family aspects of Lebanese society. School counseling was introduced in but disappeared during World War II. Macau mandates school counseling.
Malaysia mandates school counseling in middle and high school. Through the s they included school counselor positions in primary and trade schools in addition to secondary schools. Guidance teachers are mandated at a teacher to student ratio. Nepal mandates school counseling. New Zealand mandates school counseling but since when education was decentralized, there has been a decline in the prevalence of school counselors and the quality and service delivery of school counseling. In Nigeria, school counseling began in in some high schools. It rarely exists at the elementary level. Where there are federally funded secondary schools, there are some professionally trained school counselors.
However, in many cases, teachers function as career educators. School counselors often have teaching and other responsibilities that take time away from their school counseling tasks. Norway mandates school counseling. There are some school counseling services at the high school level. The Philippines mandates school counseling in middle and high school.
Portugal mandates school counseling at the high school level. Romania mandates school counseling. School counseling focuses on trauma-based counseling. School counseling is developing in Saudi Arabia. School counseling is available in certain schools. Singapore mandates school counseling. Slovakia mandates school counseling. In South Korea, school counselors must teach a subject besides counseling, but not all school counselors are appointed to counseling positions, even though Korean law requires school counselors in all middle and high schools. Spain provides school counseling at the high school level although it is unclear if mandated. Kitts mandates school counseling. Sweden mandates school counseling.
School counseling is found at the high school level. School counseling has focused on trauma-based counseling of students. Prior to the war it was done in schools but it is now found in either a school club or refugee camp sponsored and staffed by UNICEF. In Taiwan, school counseling traditionally was done by guidance teachers. Recent advocacy by the Chinese Guidance and Counseling Association pushed for licensure for school counselors in Taiwan's public schools.
Prior to this time, the focus had been primarily individual and group counseling, play therapy, [32] career counseling and development, [33] and stress related to national university examinations. Tanzania mandates school counseling. The Thai government has put substantial funding into school counseling but does not mandate it. Trinidad and Tobago mandate school counseling. Turkey mandates school counseling and it is in all schools. Uganda mandates school counseling. There is some school counseling at the high-school level in the United Arab Emirates. School counseling originated in the UK to support underachieving students and involved specialist training for teachers.
These Heads of Year ensure students within the year cohort behave properly within the school, but these Heads also support students in their social and emotional well-being and course and career planning options. Wales and Northern Ireland require school counseling. In the United States , the school counseling profession began with the vocational guidance movement in the early 20th century, now known as career development. Jesse B. Davis was the first to provide a systematic school counseling program focused on career development. Many others during this time focused on what is now called career development.
For example, in , Frank Parsons , the "father of career counseling", [35] established the Bureau of Vocational Guidance to assist young people transition from school to work. From the s to the s, school counseling grew because of the rise of progressive education in schools. This movement emphasized personal, social, and moral development. Many schools reacted to this movement as anti-educational, saying that schools should teach only the fundamentals of education. Combined with the economic hardship of the Great Depression, both challenges led to a decline in school counseling. At the same time, the National Association for College Admission Counseling was established as the first professional association focused on counseling and advising high school students into college.
In the early s, the school counseling movement was influenced by the need for counselors to help assess students for wartime needs. At the same time, researcher Carl Rogers emphasized the power of non-directive helping relationships and counseling for all ages and the profession of counseling was influenced to shift from directive "guidance" to non-directive or person-centered "counseling" as the basis for school counseling. In , the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I. Out of concern that the Russians were winning the space race and that there were not enough scientists and mathematicians , the government passed the National Defense Education Act , spurring growth in vocational and career counseling through larger funding.
In the s, new legislation and professional developments refined the school counseling profession Schmidt, In the early s, Dr. School counseling in the s and early s was not influenced by corporate educational reform efforts. In the late s, former mathematics teacher, school counselor, and administrator Pat Martin, was hired by corporate-funded educational reform group, the Education Trust, to focus the school counseling profession on equity issues by helping close achievement and opportunity gaps harming children and adolescents of color, poor and working class children and adolescents, bilingual children and adolescents, and children and adolescents with disabilities.
Martin, under considerable heat from Counselor Educators who were not open to her equity-focused message of change, developed focus groups of K students, parents, guardians, teachers, building leaders, and superintendents, and interviewed professors of School Counselor Education. The NCTSC focused on changing school counselor education at the graduate level and changing school counselor practice in state and local districts to teach school counselors how to help recognize, prevent, and close achievement and opportunity gaps.
Too many school counselors used inequitable practices, supported inequitable school policies, and were unwilling to change. This professional behavior kept many students from non-dominant backgrounds i. By , NCTSC consultants had worked in over school districts and major cities and rural areas to transform the work of school counselors nationwide. Trish Hatch and Dr.
Judy Bowers' work: the ASCA National Model: A framework for school counseling programs [46] comprising key school counseling components: ASCA National Standards, and the skill-based focus for closing achievement and opportunity gaps from the Education Trust's new vision of school counseling into one document. The model drew from major theoreticians in school counseling with four key areas: Foundation school counseling program mission statements, vision, statements, belief statements, and annual goals ; Delivery direct services including individual and group counseling; classroom counseling lessons; planning and advising for all students ; Management use of action plans and results reports for closing gaps, small group work and classroom lessons; a school counseling program assessment, an administrator-school counselor annual agreement, a time-tracker tool, and a school counseling data tool; and Accountability school counselor annual evaluation and use of a School Counseling Program Advisory Council to monitor data, outcomes, and effectiveness.
In , Dr. Jay Carey and Dr. In , the ASCA Ethical Standards for School Counselors was revised to focus on issues of equity, closing achievement and opportunity gaps, and ensuring all K students received access to a school counseling program. Vivian Lee. Jay Carey and colleagues focused on innovations in selected College Board "Inspiration Award" schools where school counselors collaborated inside and outside their schools for high college-going rates and strong college-going cultures in schools with large numbers of students of non-dominant backgrounds. In , Counseling at the Crossroads: The perspectives and promise of school counselors in American education, the largest survey of high school and middle school counselors in the United States with over 5, interviews, was released by Pat Martin and Dr.
The study shared school counselors' views on educational policies, practices, and reform, and how many of them, especially in urban and rural school settings, were not given the chance to focus on what they were trained to do, especially career and college access and readiness counseling for all students, in part due to high caseloads and inappropriate tasks. School counselors suggested changes in their role to be accountable for success of all students and how school systems needed to change so school counselors could be key advocates and leaders for every student's success.
Implications for public policy and district and school-wide change were addressed. In , CSCORE assisted in evaluating and publishing six statewide research studies assessing the effectiveness of school counseling programs based on statewide systemic use of school counseling programs such as the ASCA National Model and published their outcomes in the American School Counselor Association research journal Professional School Counseling.
From —16, the White House, under the Office of the First Lady Michelle Obama, partnered with key school counselor educators and college access professionals nationwide to focus on the roles of school counselors and college access professionals. Michelle Obama and her staff also began the Reach Higher and Better Make Room programs to focus on college access for underrepresented students, and she began hosting the American School Counselor Association's School Counselor of the Year awards ceremony at the White House. The initiatives culminated in an unprecedented collaboration among multiple major professional associations focused on school counseling and college access including the American Counseling Association, the American School Counselor Association, the National Association for College Admission Counseling, the College Board, and ACT raising the profile and prominence of the role of school counselors collaborating on college access, affordability, and admission for all students.
In , ASCA published a newly revised sixth version of the ASCA Ethical Standards for School Counselors using two rounds of feedback from practicing school counselors in all 50 states; it also included, for the first time, a Glossary of ethical terms for heightened clarity. The four outside-the-diamond skills from the first three editions: advocacy, leadership, teaming and collaboration, and systemic change were incorporated throughout the model and no longer part of the diamond graphic organizer. The four quadrants of the model were changed to verbs and action-oriented words to better clarify the key components:.
The three types of data collected by school counselors in school counseling programs have shifted in name to:. The 4th edition, while easier to read and use than prior editions, [ editorializing ] did not cover the history of how the model changed over time and neglected any mention of the original authors, Drs. Trish Hatch and Judy Bowers. School counseling is mandated in Venezuela and it has focused on cultural competency. School counseling is mandated in Vietnam. China requires at least three years of college experience. In Japan, school counselors were added in the mids, part-time, primarily focused on behavioral issues.
In Taiwan, they are often teachers with recent legislation requiring school counseling licensure focused on individual and group counseling for academic, career, and personal issues. In Korea, school counselors are mandated in middle and high schools. School counselors are employed in elementary, middle, and high schools, in district supervisory settings, in Counselor Education faculty positions usually with an earned Ph. Their work includes a focus on developmental stages of student growth, including the needs, tasks, and student interests related to those stages Schmidt, For example, in appraisal, school counselors may use a variety of personality and career assessment methods such as the Self-Directed Search [SDS] [64] or Career Key [65] [based on the Holland Codes ] to help students explore career and college needs and interests.
Schools play a key role in assessment, access to services, and possible referral to appropriate outside support systems. The role of school counselors is expansive. School counselors address mental health issues, crisis intervention, and advising for course selection. School counselor interventions include individual and group counseling for some students. For example, if a student's behavior is interfering with his or her achievement, the school counselor may observe that student in a class, provide consultation to teachers and other stakeholders to develop with the student a plan to address the behavioral issue s , and then collaborate to implement and evaluate the plan.
The topics of mental health, multiculturalism Portman, , anti-racism, and school safety are important areas of focus for school counselors. Often school counselors will coordinate outside groups to help with student needs such as academics, or coordinate a program that teaches about child abuse or drugs , through on-stage drama Schmidt, [37] Many provinces in Canada offer a career pathway program, which helps to prepare students for the employment market and support a smooth school-to-work transition.
School Counselors are expected to follow a professional code of ethics in many countries. Some school counselors experience role confusion, given the many tasks they are expected to perform. The role of a school counselor is critical and needs to be supported by all stakeholders to ensure equity and access for all students, particularly those with the fewest resources. School counselors reduce and bridge the inequalities facing students in educational systems. School counselors around the world are affiliated with various national and regional school counseling associations, and abide by their guidelines.
These associations include:. Elementary school counselors provide [41] academic, career, college access, and personal and social competencies and planning to all students, and individual and group counseling for some students and their families to meet the developmental needs of young children K Increased emphasis is placed on accountability for helping close achievement and opportunity gaps at the elementary level as more school counseling programs move to evidence-based work with data and specific results.
School counseling programs that deliver specific competencies to all students help to close achievement and opportunity gaps. Middle School College Access curricula have been developed to assist students and their families before reaching high school. To facilitate the school counseling process, school counselors use theories and techniques including developmental, cognitive-behavioral, person-centered Rogerian listening and influencing skills, systemic, family, multicultural, [82] narrative, and play therapy. Transitional issues to ensure successful transitions to high school are a key area including career exploration and assessment with seventh and eighth grade students. Tours are limited and require registration. Online Sessions. Info sessions hosted by admission staff and current students.
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School counseling is found at the high school level. In the United States, rural areas and urban areas traditionally have been under-served by school counselors Student Counselor Case Study public schools due to Why Is Mark Antony Important In Julius Caesar funding shortages and often a lack of best practice models. Universities in Asia have on-campus housing for international students on exchange or richard nixon impeachment Student Counselor Case Study. Middle school students are the priority for school counseling in Iran.