✪✪✪ Case Study: Clearwater Hampers
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Smoked ham is particularly good to send as a Christmas gift, or for any other special occasion. Show Product. A perfect gift for any occasion which family and friends can share. View Product. This often produces cycle skips when attempting to use conventional residual statics algorithms to resolve them. Another feature is that the converted waves are generally much noisier than P-P data. P-wave statics are typically not related to S-wave statics in a simple and predictable manner Figure 8, right. One reason for this is that the shear waves respond differently to the water table than do the P-waves.
Consequently, most P-wave statics methods do not work well for converted-wave data. Furthermore, some misalignment in reflectors may be due to anisotropy and the resultant shear-wave splitting PS1 and PS2. So running residual and trim statics on the PSV or radial data may indeed be removing some of the information that is necessary for azimuthal anisotropy analysis. Recent advances have been made in solving the receiver-side shear statics of the converted-mode in the last few years.
Since a converted-wave first break does not exist, we have to use other methods to determine the very slow, shear weathering statics. We use combinations of P-wave horizon-based pilots for correcting the receiver stacks Grech, , and cross-correlation techniques in the receiver domain Jin, et al. Assuming the shot statics are obtained from conventional P-wave processing and applied to the converted waves, only the shear receiver statics are then required. Jin et al.
The solution of the inverse problem is the one that minimizes the trace-to-trace time difference within a trace window. This inversion can better handle the uncertainty of time delay picks in the presence of noise, because the cross-correlation coefficients are used as weights in the optimization process to limit the influence of bad picks on the solution. Figure 8 left is a synthetic data example that demonstrates how this technique can resolve large statics. Figure 8a shows the Common Receiver Stack with significant statics. Random noise has been added to make the data more realistic. Note that the reflectors are aliased due to large statics. For this kind of data, pilot trace methods are impractical. Figure 8b shows the CRS sections after statics correction obtained by the weighted inversion.
Although the data are so noisy that few maximum crosscorrelation coefficients are larger than 0. Cary, P. A simple method for resolving large converted-wave P-SV statics. Geophysics, May , Calgary Jin, S. The most direct seismic method of estimating vertical fracture orientation and intensity is by analysis of shear-wave splitting. Shear-wave splitting arises when a shear wave naturally polarizes into a fast wave S1 parallel to the fractures and a slow wave S2 perpendicular to them.
This can happen when the seismic wave travels through a fractured media. A common way to detect the direction of fractures from shear-wave splitting is to rotate the horizontal components to radial and transverse components, and then search for azimuthal directions in which the transverse component changes polarity. Azimuthal sampling can have an impact on standard methods of estimating fracture orientation from shear-waves. Although regular azimuthal coverage can be ensured by using large analysis bins and offset ranges, it may not be necessary to do this. A new least-squares algorithm Bale et al.
Comparison with a pure polarity based approach shows the new method to be more accurate on a synthetic test. A field data example is shown in Figures 9 and 10, comparing the estimates of fracture direction using the least-squares method with a standard technique based upon scanning for polarity changes. In Figure 9, all azimuths were included in the analysis, leading to very comparable results for the two methods. In Figure 10, half of the azimuths have been omitted, corresponding to the first and third quadrants. The polarity based results are adversely affected in some areas [compare Figures 9 a and 10 a ], whereas the least-squares method remains largely unaffected by the azimuth decimation [Figures 9 b and 10 b ].
Bale R. Mtg: Soc. Perhaps the largest obstacle in the continued development and ultimate acceptance of multicomponent seismic is the seismic interpreter. Conventional P-wave interpretation software does not lend itself well to multicomponent interpretation. Furthermore, the PS and especially SS volumes are much noisier, lower frequency and typically bear little resemblance in character to the PP volumes. The registration process event matching between events on the PP, PS and SS volumes is largely driven by the availability of dipole sonic logs.
These dipole sonics are not as common as standard sonics and can often contain erroneous information, making the quality control and petrophysics required for PS and SS interpretation potentially much more involved. The analysis of this extra information will, of course, take more time. As a result these additional data might be viewed by the interpreter as more of a hindrance, not helping to narrow down uncertainties about reservoir properties. The new software provides the means of incorporating dipole sonic and conventional sonic logs into the interpretation workflow. Horizon picking and event registration are easy to do on multiple sections simultaneously. The following case histories are examples of how multicomponent seismic is adding value, reducing risk, and proving the additional interpretation effort worthwhile.
Seismic imaging in rough terrain is often a challenge. To evaluate the applicability of 3C point receiver MEMS in rough terrain we conducted a test over the Darby thrust fault in southwest Wyoming. The source was 5kg Pentolite at 18m hole depth, with 50m shot interval. The wavefield was recorded by both element linear and element areal geophone group arrays at 50m interval as well as by 3C sensors at 25m interval.
The processing sequence included tomographic refraction statics, coherent and random noise attenuation, surface consistent deconvolution, two iterations of velocity analysis using the DSR equation and residual statics, and pre-stack migration. We applied polarization filters to the 3C data to separate signal and noise. No such polarization filtering is possible of course with any 1C data. The test results Figures 11 and 12 indicate that single sensor three component receivers provide better data than conventional groups of geophones in rough terrain.
The images from the 3C data have better resolution and better imaging of dipping reflectors. Arguably, the benefits of the 3C data are much more significant than the small increase in random noise that we observe on the single sensor data. The benefits are due to a combination of factors: the smaller 25m DSU receiver interval compared to the 50m group interval, the polarization filters, the use of the DSR equation, the avoidance of intra-array statics with point receivers, the MEMS sensors, and the tilt correction.
Our results are in general agreement with Behr Thanks to Marvin Johnson and Vinny Buffenmeyer of ExxonMobil and Mark Wagaman for initiating, funding, designing, and supervising the data acquisition. Thanks to Chris Ansorger for processing the data. Behr, J. CSEG meeting. A multicomponent reservoir characterization workflow was developed on a heavy oil project from northeastern Alberta, Canada, with two primary goals.
Second, determine if the multicomponent data add value in describing the reservoir. The workflow used, described in Figure 14, describes a methodology for incorporating the additional data available with multicomponent seismic into a reservoir model to help in more economic well placement. Initially, the seismic data were processed together, where velocities and statics are carried from the PP processing to the PS processing. At this point, we perform basic interpretation of the PP seismic data, correlating wells and picking key horizons. This then leads into the PS processing where dipole shear sonic logs when available are used to correlate the wells to the PS seismic and guide picking horizons on the PS data that are geologically consistent with the PP horizons.
These attributes were then inverted to impedance and then used for neural network analysis. Next, the attributes were combined in a multi-attribute analysis program for example, VHR-EMERGE to determine how attributes relate to Density and Vsh, and use those relationships to build the corresponding reservoir models. Remember, a key objective was to derive an estimate of Vsh. Five of the nine attributes used to calculate Vsh were derived from PS data! The cross section shown in Figure 15 shows the resulting Vsh-Model along with the shale content from log data.
The wells show a good correlation to the shale content within the McMurray log values not calculated outside the McMurray interval , including the rightmost well. This well, while excluded from the analysis, shows a good correlation to the shale-plug in the middle-to-upper McMurray. Anderson, P. Barson, D. Hampson, D. The following example Figures 16 and 17 is from the Anadarko Basin in Oklahoma, a major gas production province with mature fields and on-going exploration efforts.
In the survey area, thin sands less than 8m each produce natural gas from the Mississippian Springer Formation approximately 70m thick , at depths near 3. Production is primarily related to porosity development. An embedded, static 3C patch was recorded concurrently within a P-wave survey. The source was 5 pound dynamite at 20m depth. The PS data is presented in PP time. Differing reflectivity indicates additional information is available when using both wave modes for interpretation. When we examine the Springer reservoir level, we observe changes in both P-wave PP and converted-wave PS reflectivity associated with gas production.
We used a linear regression waveform classifier to quantitatively determine if using the PP and PS data together could provide a better empirical estimate of gas production than using PP data only. For seventeen wells in the 3C3D image area with Springer penetrations and tests, we created a simple log trace representing cumulative gas produced. Using cumulative gas as the target, a neural network was trained and an estimate of gas production using the seismic data was derived. Figure 17 shows the empirical results for predicting cumulative gas production. Results using both PP and PS data correctly identified the three wells with higher cumulative gas produced.
Crossplots of estimated gas versus actual gas production show that using PP and PS data together produced a more accurate linear fit than when using the conventional P-wave data alone. In this onshore US example, the initial objectives were to examine the essential feasibility of PS-wave imaging in middle Ordovician carbonates at a depth of m, and to verify the capacity of the PS-wave data to determine the orientation of maximum horizontal stress. To minimize the cost of this evaluation, the PS-wave acquisition was implemented as an embedded test Figure 18 , where three-component Sercel DSU-3 accelerometers are co-located with production single-component geophone groups over a subset of the survey.
The resulting seven square kilometer PS-wave image is approximately centered on a recent well in which a dipole sonic was acquired. To permit evaluation of the azimuthal anisotropy, the PS-wave data are initially processed in a conventional isotropic manner, assuming neither azimuthal nor polar variation in any of the parameters. After correction for tilt and orientation, the receivers are rotated from the global acquisition coordinate system to a radial-tangential coordinate system, local to each shot. Source and receiver statics are surface-consistent, while deconvolution operators are designed independently on each trace. Asymptotic Conversion Point ACP binning is used to preserve surface-consistent relationships for iterative velocity analysis with residual statics.
Following normal moveout correction, a large ACP superbin m in radius is selected and the binned data are sorted and substacked over ten-degree azimuth sectors. The azimuth stacks of this embedded test display all the expected characteristics of azimuthally anisotropic PS-waves Figure 19 as described by Li The radial component shows azimuthal variation in arrival times of the various reflections, with the fastest arrivals occurring approximately eastwest, and the slowest arrivals north-south. The "phase flip" semblance display permits the orientation of the symmetry planes to be determined graphically; however, the degree ambiguity remains. This is resolved through the azimuthally varying travel-time of the radial component, in which travel-time minima coincide with the fast-shear axis or isotropy plane and travel-time maxima coincide with the slow-shear axis or symmetry-axis plane.
Using a smaller ft bin diameter, the analysis is extended spatially and the anisotropy evaluated after rotating the data into the natural coordinate system; the results are summarized in Figure These results represent the cumulative anisotropy above the reservoir. Nonetheless, the average orientation is consistent with the regional orientation of maximum horizontal stress from borehole breakouts. Li, X. Reinecker, J. Redactive Media Group is the leading provider of award-winning print magazines, digital media and live events for membership Case Studies. Related Case Studies. Redactive Media Group. All Case Studies. Newsletter Signup Sign up for our newsletter and stay up to date with everything about Grove. Recent Tweets.
The Lancet. Furthermore, a reader may not be able to say everything that comes to mind, and may Case Study: Clearwater Hampers or omit thoughts that do come to mind. Zimmerman Eds. The use of source and receiver arrays Mongol Empire Dbq Essay especially impractical for 3D surveys, and more generally, intra-array S-wave statics can not be neglected. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial Case Study: Clearwater Hampers which advantages of rubber any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author s and source are credited. In the context Indentured Servivants identifying support for Case Study: Clearwater Hampers Wendelin Van Draanans Flipped, the traditional rubrics Republican and Democrat began to mean little.