⚡ Unit 9: Hue And Impressionism

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French Impressionism 9/29/21

Vermeer's ability to paint two beautiful young woman in such a creative manner that looks as if the light was shining in at the perfect moment showcases his genius. The way artists have used colour,style or reflection to express themselves in their work and the impact of this on my own work. Vincent van Gogh was seen as a failure throughout his lifetime. This caused many mental disorders and eventually lead to suicide, however today he is known as a prominent representative of Post Impressionist art.

In colour vision, the combination of two wavelengths can be exactly equivalent visually to a third wavelength. Another example is a mixture of red and green wavelengths of light appearing yellow. Trichromacy explains metamers with its inherent idea that manipulating the three lights red, green and blue can produce any colour. Trichromacy theory supposes there are three cone types with different spectral sensitivities and that the perceived colour is determined by the cone output depending on the wavelengths of light absorbed from the image. As was the case of Velazquez but things have turned around for him.

In the terms of the techniques Velazquez used on this great piece of painting. Velazquez first started to apply the colors, using different kinds of densities according to his desired effects he wants to apply for the object he wants to paint. Change the light source, for example D65 to illuminant A, and observe the samples for any color mismatch. Samples are considered metameric if they match under one light source but not under. Activities for Unit IX Give definitions for the following terms: Hue refers to a particular wavelength of spectral color to which we give a name.

Value refers to relative lightness or darkness from white through grays to black. Tint refers to the end color after the addition of white to a hue. The color is a lighter version of itself when white is added. Shade refers to the end color after the addition of black to a hue. The color is a darker version of itself when black is added. Intensity also called saturation refers to the purity of a hue or color.

While camouflage tricks are in principle limitless, both cost and practical considerations limit the choice of methods and the time and effort devoted to camouflage. Paint and uniforms must also protect vehicles and soldiers from the elements. Units need to move, fire their weapons and perform other tasks to keep functional, some of which run counter to camouflage. Late in the Second World War, the USAAF abandoned camouflage paint for some aircraft to lure enemy fighters to attack, while in the Cold War, some aircraft similarly flew with polished metal skins, to reduce drag and weight, or to reduce vulnerability to radiation from nuclear weapons.

No single camouflage pattern is effective in all terrains. Strong contrasts which disrupt outlines are better suited for environments such as forests where the play of light and shade is prominent, while low contrasts are better suited to open terrain with little shading structure. However, unlike an animal or a civilian hunter, military units may need to cross several terrain types like woodland, farmland and built up areas in a single day.

Camouflage patterns serve cultural functions alongside concealment. Apart from concealment, uniforms are also the primary means for soldiers to tell friends and enemies apart. The camouflage experts and evolutionary zoologists L. Talas, R. Baddeley and Innes Cuthill analyzed calibrated photographs of a series of NATO and Warsaw Pact uniform patterns and demonstrated that their evolution did not serve any known principles of military camouflage intended to provide concealment.

Instead, when the Warsaw Pact was dissolved, the uniforms of the countries that began to favour the West politically started to converge on the colours and textures of NATO patterns. After the death of Marshal Tito and the breakup of what had been Yugoslavia , the camouflage patterns of the new nations changed, coming to resemble the camouflage patterns used by the armies of their neighbours. The authors note that military camouflage resembles animal coloration in having multiple simultaneous functions. Seasons may play a role in some regions. A dramatic change in colour and texture is created by seasonal snowy conditions in northern latitudes, necessitating repainting of vehicles and separate snow oversuits.

The Eastern and northern European countries have a tradition for separate winter uniforms rather than oversuits. While patterns can provide more effective crypsis than solid colour when the camouflaged object is stationary, any pattern, particularly one with high contrast, stands out when the object is moving. After the war, most nations returned to a unicoloured uniform for their troops. Digital camouflage provides a disruptive effect through the use of pixellated patterns at a range of scales, meaning that the camouflage helps to defeat observation at a range of distances. Pixellated shapes pre-date computer aided design by many years, already being used in Soviet Union experiments with camouflage patterns, such as " TTsMKK " [a] developed in or O'Neill suggested that patterns consisting of square blocks of colour would provide effective camouflage.

The "digital" refers to the coordinates of the pattern, which are digitally defined. The pixellated style, however, simplifies design and eases printing on fabric. With the birth of radar and sonar and other means of detecting military hardware not depending on the human eye, came means of camouflaging against them. Collectively these are known as stealth technology. Methods include exhaust ports shaped to mix hot exhaust gases with cold surrounding air, [26] and placing the exhaust ports on the upper side of the airframe.

Auditory camouflage, at least in the form of noise reduction, is practised in various ways. The rubberized hull of military submarines absorbs sonar waves and can be seen as a form of auditory camouflage. Olfactory camouflage is said to be rare; [31] examples include ghillie suits , special garments for military snipers made from strips of hessian cloth , which are sometimes treated with mud and even manure to give them an "earthy" smell to cover the smell of the sniper.

Magnetic camouflage in the form of " degaussing " coils has been used since the Second World War [33] to protect ships from magnetic mines and other weapons with magnetic sensors. Horizontal coils around the whole or parts of the ship generate magnetic fields to "cancel out" distortions to the earth's magnetic field created by the ship. Ship camouflage was occasionally used in ancient times. Vegetius wrote in the 4th century that "Venetian blue" bluish-green, like the sea was used for camouflage in the years 56—54 BC during the Gallic Wars , when Julius Caesar sent his scout ships to gather intelligence along the coast of Britain.

The bluish-green scout ships carried sailors and marines dressed in the same colour. The emphasis on hand-to-hand combat, and the short range of weapons such as the musket , meant that recognition and cohesion were more important than camouflage in combat clothing well into the baroque period. The introduction of infantry weapons with longer range, especially the Baker rifle , opened up new roles which needed camouflaged clothing. In the colonial Seven Years' War — , the rifle-armed Rogers' Rangers wore gray or green uniforms. Green is without comparison the best colour for light troops with dark accouterments; and if put on in the spring, by autumn it nearly fades with the leaves, preserving its characteristic of being scarcely discernible at a distance.

The tradition was continued by British Rifle Regiments who adopted rifle green for the Napoleonic Wars. The brown color was considered to be more adequate for a concealment in the landscape of most of Portuguese regions, in general more arid than the greener landscapes of Central and Northern Europe. The first introduction of drab general uniform was by the British Corps of Guides in India in This type of drab uniform soon became known as khaki Urdu for dusty, soil-coloured by the Indian soldiers, and was of a similar colour to a local dress of cotton coloured with the mazari palm. The resulting hue varied from dark or slate grey through light brown to off-white , or sometimes even lavender.

This improvised measure gradually became widespread among the troops stationed in India and North-West Frontier , and sometimes among the troops campaigning on the African continent. While long range rifles became the standard weapon in the s, armies were slow to adapt their tactics and uniforms, perhaps as a result of mainly fighting colonial wars against less well armed opponents. The US military , who had blue-jacketed rifle units in the Civil War , were quick to follow the British, going khaki in the same year.

Russia followed, partially, in The Italian Army used grigio-verde "grey-green" in the Alps from and across the army from The Germans adopted feldgrau "field grey" in By the outbreak of the First World War in , France was the only major power to still field soldiers dressed in traditional conspicuous uniforms. The First World War was the first full scale industrial conflict fought with modern firearms. The first attempt at disruptive camouflaged garment for the French army was proposed in by the painter Louis Guingot , but was refused by the army, which nevertheless kept a sample of the clothing.

In collaboration with a Russian chemist friend, Guingot had developed a process of painting on weather-resistant fabric before the war and had registered a patent for it. The use of rapid firing machine guns and long range breech loading artillery quickly led to camouflaging of vehicles and positions. Another early trend was building observation trees, made of steel with bark camouflage. Such trees became popular with the British and French armies in The First World War also saw the birth of aerial warfare , and with it the need not only to conceal positions and vehicles from being spotted from the air, but also the need to camouflage the aircraft themselves.

In , Germany started using a lozenge camouflage covering Central Powers aircraft, possibly the earliest printed camouflage. In an American artist and amateur zoologist , Abbott Thayer published a book, Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom , which was widely read by military leaders, though his advocacy of countershading was unsuccessful, despite his patent for countershading submarines and surface ships. The earliest camouflage artists were members of the Post- Impressionist and Fauve schools of France. Contemporary artistic movements such as cubism , vorticism and impressionism also influenced the development of camouflage as they dealt with disrupting outlines, abstraction and colour theory.

Camouflage schemes of the First World War and Interwar periods that employed dazzle patterns were often described as "cubist" by commentators, and Picasso claimed with typical hyperbole "Yes, it is we who made it, that is cubism ". Other countries soon saw the advantage of camouflage, and established their own units of artists, designers and architects. The Italians set up the Laboratorio di mascheramento in Printed camouflage for shelter halves was introduced for the Italian and German armies in the interwar period, the "splotchy" M Telo mimetico in Italy and the angular Splittermuster 31 in Germany.

During the War, both patterns were used for paratrooper uniforms for their respective countries. Hugh Cott 's book Adaptive Coloration in Animals systematically covered the different forms of camouflage and mimicry by which animals protect themselves, and explicitly drew comparisons throughout with military camouflage: [72]. The principle is one with many applications to modern warfare.

In the Great War it was utilized by the Germans when they introduced strongly marked incidents of white or black tone to conceal the fainter contrasts of tone made by the sloping sides of overhead camouflage-screens, or roofing, as seen from the air. The same principle has, of course, a special application in any attempt to reduce the visibility of large objects of all kinds, such as ships, tanks, buildings, and aerodromes. Both British and Soviet aircraft were given wave-type camouflage paintwork for their upper surfaces throughout the war, [73] while American ones remained simple two-colour schemes different upper and under sides or even dispensed with camouflage altogether. The British Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate , consisting mainly of artists recruited into the Royal Engineers , developed the use of camouflage for large-scale military deception.

The introduction of strategic bombing led to efforts to camouflage airfields and strategic production centres. This form of positional camouflage could be quite elaborate, and even include false houses and cars. The Soviet Union 's doctrine of military deception defines the need for surprise through means including camouflage, based on experiences such as the Battle of Kursk where camouflage helped the Red Army to overwhelm a powerful enemy.

The role of uniform is not only to hide each soldier, but also to identify friend from foe. The design of camouflage uniforms therefore involves a tradeoff between camouflaging effect, recognizability, cost, and manufacturability. Armies facing service in different theatres may need several different camouflage uniforms. Patterns can to some extent be adapted to different terrains by adding means of fastening pieces of vegetation to the uniform. Helmets often have netting covers; some jackets have small loops for the same purpose.

Countries in boreal climates often need snow camouflage , either by having reversible uniforms or simple overgarments. The purpose of vehicle and equipment camouflage differs from personal camouflage in that the primary threat is aerial reconnaissance. The goal is to disrupt the characteristic shape of the vehicle, to reduce shine, and to make the vehicle difficult to identify even if it is spotted.

Paint is the least effective measure, but forms a basis for other techniques. Military vehicles often become so dirty that pattern-painted camouflage is not visible, and although matt colours reduce shine, a wet vehicle can still be shiny, especially when viewed from above. Patterns are designed to make it more difficult to interpret shadows [94] and shapes. It used up to six colours applied with straight lines. The British Army's Special Air Service used pink as the primary colour on its desert -camouflaged Land Rover Series IIA patrol vehicles, nicknamed Pink Panthers ; [97] the colour had been observed to be indistinguishable from sand at a distance. Nets can be effective at defeating visual observation. Traditional camouflage nets use a textile 'garnish' to generate an apparent texture with a depth of shadow created beneath it, and the effect can be reinforced with pieces of vegetation.

Some nets can remain in place while vehicles move. Simple nets are less effective in defeating radar and thermal sensors. Heavier, more durable "mobile camouflage systems", essentially conformal duvets with thermal and radar properties, provide a degree of concealment without the delay caused by having to spread nets around a vehicle. Active camouflage for vehicles, using heated or cooled Peltier plates to match the infrared background, has been prototyped in industry but has not yet been put into production. Until the 20th century, naval weapons had a short range, so camouflage was unimportant for ships, and for the men on board them. Paint schemes were selected on the basis of ease of maintenance or aesthetics, typically buff upperworks with polished brass fittings and white or black hulls.

Around the start of the 20th century, the increasing range of naval engagements, as demonstrated by the Battle of Tsushima , prompted the introduction of the first camouflage, in the form of some solid shade of gray overall, in the hope that ships would fade into the mist. First and Second World War dazzle camouflage , pioneered by English artist Norman Wilkinson , was used not to make ships disappear, but to make them seem smaller or faster, to encourage misidentification by an enemy, and to make the ships harder to hit.

After the Second World War, the use of radar made camouflage generally less effective. However, camouflage may have helped to protect US warships from Vietnamese shore batteries using optical rangefinders. Coastal patrol boats such as those of the Norwegian , Swedish and Indonesian navies continue to use terrestrial style disruptively patterned camouflage. Aircraft camouflage faces the challenge that an aircraft's background varies widely, according to whether the observer is above or below the aircraft, and with the background, e. Aircraft camouflage schemes have often consisted of a light colour underneath and darker colours above. Other camouflage schemes acknowledge that aircraft may be seen at any angle and against any background while in combat, so aircraft are painted all over with a disruptive pattern or a neutral colour such as gray.

Second World War maritime patrol aircraft such as the Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boat were painted white, as aircraft generally appear dark against the sky including at night , and hence are least visible when painted in as light a colour as possible. Navy's Yehudi lights project in , using counter-illumination to raise the average brightness of a plane, when seen head-on, from a dark shape to the same as the sky. The experiments worked, enabling an aircraft to approach to within 2 miles 3.

The higher speeds of modern aircraft, and the reliance on radar and missiles in air combat have reduced the value of visual camouflage, while increasing the value of electronic " stealth " measures. Modern paint is designed to absorb electromagnetic radiation used by radar , reducing the signature of the aircraft, and to limit the emission of infrared light used by heat seeking missiles to detect their target. Further advances in aircraft camouflage are being investigated in the field of active camouflage. The transfer of camouflage patterns from battle to exclusively civilian uses is not recent. Dazzle camouflage inspired a trend of dazzlesque patterns used on clothing in England, starting in with the "Dazzle Ball" held by Chelsea Arts Club.

Those attending wore dazzle-patterned black and white clothing, influencing twentieth-century fashion and art via postcards see illustration and magazine articles. The scheme of decoration for the great fancy dress ball given by the Chelsea Arts Club at the Albert Hall, the other day, was based on the principles of 'Dazzle', the method of 'camouflage' used during the war in the painting of ships The total effect was brilliant and fantastic.

While many artists helped to develop camouflage during and since World War I , the disparate sympathies of the two cultures restrained the use of "militaristic" forms other than in the work of war artists. Since the s, several artists have exploited the symbolism of camouflage. For example, Andy Warhol 's camouflage series was his last major work, including Camouflage Self-Portrait. In the US in the s, military clothing became increasingly common mostly olive drab rather than patterned camouflage ; it was often found worn by anti-war protestors , initially within groups such as Vietnam Veterans Against the War but then increasingly widely as a symbol of political protest.

Fashion often uses camouflage as inspiration — attracted by the striking designs, the "patterned disorder" of camouflage, its symbolism to be celebrated or subverted , and its versatility. Early designers include Marimekko s , Jean-Charles de Castelbajac — , Stephen Sprouse using Warhol prints, — , and Franco Moschino , but it was not until the s that camouflage became a significant and widespread facet of dress from streetwear to high-fashion labels — especially the use of "faux-camouflage".

Some countries such as Barbados , Aruba , and other Caribbean nations have laws prohibiting camouflage clothing from being worn by non-military personnel, including tourists and children. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Camouflage used to protect from enemy observation. Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early modern Late modern industrial fourth-gen. Grand strategy. Military recruitment Conscription Recruit training Military specialism Women in the military Children in the military Transgender people and military service Sexual harassment in the military Conscientious objector Counter-recruitment.

Military—industrial complex Arms industry Materiel Supply-chain management. Power projection Loss of Strength Gradient. Court-martial Justice Perfidy Martial law War crime. Air supremacy Full-spectrum dominance Just war theory Overmatch. Further information: Camouflage. Further information: List of camouflage methods. Main article: Snow camouflage. Main article: Digital camouflage. Main article: Stealth technology. Further information: British Army uniform. Further information: Camoufleurs. Main article: Battledress. Main article: Ship camouflage. Main article: Aircraft camouflage. Main article: List of nations that prohibit camouflage clothing.

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The sequence of lessons and suggested time frames should be regarded as a guide only; teachers should pace lessons in accordance with the individual learning needs of. Metaphorical Blindness In Oedipus The King trees became popular with the British and French Unit 9: Hue And Impressionism in Van Gogh's unique life has inspired millions to become active in art.