⒈ Susan Brownell Anthony Research Paper

By comparison, we can hold large amounts of unsorted auditory information for longer—up to four seconds. Terima kasih atas kepercayaan kepada kami, semoga kerjasamanya berjalan dengan lancar. Lane mhcmsvee gmail. Purnamasari, Dian Indri. When Anthony was six years old, her family moved to Battenville, New York cyp iapt principles where her father managed a large cotton mill. To improve listening at the evaluating stage, o separate facts, inferences, and judgments; o be familiar with and able to identify persuasive strategies and fallacies of reasoning; o Susan Brownell Anthony Research Paper the Mother To Son Figurative Language Essay of the speaker and the message; and o be aware of your own biases and how your perceptual filters can create barriers Failure Of Reconstruction Essay effective listening. Loss In Gwilans Harmful who engage in political fact checking have been criticized for putting their subjective viewpoints into what is supposed to be objective news coverage. The local Susan Brownell Anthony Research Paper Xi chapter had Susan Brownell Anthony Research Paper established as a social club in Standar Kompetensi dan sertifikasi Guru.

Failure is Impossible: The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony

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Also do household moving. Deborah A. In , the family moved to a farm on the outskirts of Rochester, New York , purchased partly with the inheritance of Anthony's mother. There they associated with a group of Quaker social reformers who had left their congregation because of the restrictions it placed on reform activities, and who in formed a new organization called the Congregational Friends. The Anthony farmstead soon became the Sunday afternoon gathering place for local activists, including Frederick Douglass , a former slave and a prominent abolitionist who became Anthony's lifelong friend.

As several others in that group were already doing, the Anthony family began to attend services at the First Unitarian Church of Rochester , which was associated with social reform. The Rochester Women's Rights Convention of was held at that church in , inspired by the Seneca Falls Convention , the first women's rights convention, which was held two weeks earlier in a nearby town. Anthony's parents and her sister Mary attended the Rochester convention and signed the Declaration of Sentiments that had been first adopted by the Seneca Falls Convention.

Anthony did not take part in either of these conventions because she had moved to Canajoharie in to be headmistress of the female department of the Canajoharie Academy. Away from Quaker influences for the first time in her life, at the age of 26 she began to replace her plain clothing with more stylish dresses, and she quit using "thee" and other forms of speech traditionally used by Quakers. She later explained, "I wasn't ready to vote, didn't want to vote, but I did want equal pay for equal work.

When the Canajoharie Academy closed in , Anthony took over the operation of the family farm in Rochester so her father could devote more time to his insurance business. She worked at this task for a couple of years but found herself increasingly drawn to reform activity. With her parents' support, she was soon fully engaged in reform work.

Cautious, careful people, always casting about to preserve their reputation and social standing, never can bring about a reform. Those who are really in earnest must be willing to be anything or nothing in the world's estimation, and publicly and privately, in season and out, avow their sympathy with despised and persecuted ideas and their advocates, and bear the consequences. Anthony, [15]. Anthony embarked on her career of social reform with energy and determination. Schooling herself in reform issues, she found herself drawn to the more radical ideas of people like William Lloyd Garrison , George Thompson and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Soon she was wearing the controversial Bloomer dress , consisting of pantaloons worn under a knee-length dress.

Although she felt it was more sensible than the traditional heavy dresses that dragged the ground, she reluctantly quit wearing it after a year because it gave her opponents the opportunity to focus on her apparel rather than her ideas. In , Anthony was introduced to Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who had been one of the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention and had introduced the controversial resolution in support of women's suffrage. Anthony and Stanton were introduced by Amelia Bloomer , a feminist and mutual acquaintance who had not signed the Declaration of Sentiments and subsequent resolutions despite her attendance at the Seneca Falls Convention.

Anthony and Stanton soon became close friends and co-workers, forming a relationship that was pivotal for them and for the women's movement as a whole. One of Stanton's biographers estimated that over her lifetime, Stanton spent more time with Anthony than with any other adult, including her own husband. The two women had complementary skills. Anthony excelled at organizing, while Stanton had an aptitude for intellectual matters and writing.

Anthony was dissatisfied with her own writing ability and wrote relatively little for publication. When historians illustrate her thoughts with direct quotes, they usually take them from her speeches, letters, and diary entries. Because Stanton was homebound with seven children while Anthony was unmarried and free to travel, Anthony assisted Stanton by supervising her children while Stanton wrote. One of Anthony's biographers said, "Susan became one of the family and was almost another mother to Mrs. Stanton's children. Anthony prodded and Stanton produced. Gordon , a professor of women's history. Temperance was very much a women's rights issue at that time because of laws that gave husbands complete control of the family and its finances.

A woman with a drunken husband had little legal recourse even if his alcoholism left the family destitute and he was abusive to her and their children. If she obtained a divorce, which was difficult to do, he could easily end up with sole guardianship of the children. While teaching in Canajoharie, Anthony joined the Daughters of Temperance and in gave her first public speech at one of its meetings. Anthony and some other women immediately walked out and announced a meeting of their own, which created a committee to organize a women's state convention. Largely organized by Anthony, the convention of women met in Rochester in April and created the Women's State Temperance Society, with Stanton as president and Anthony as state agent.

Anthony and her co-workers collected 28, signatures on a petition for a law to prohibit the sale of alcohol in New York State. She organized a hearing on that law before the New York legislature, the first that had been initiated in that state by a group of women. At the organization's convention the following year, however, conservative members attacked Stanton's advocacy of the right of a wife of an alcoholic to obtain a divorce. Stanton was voted out as president, whereupon she and Anthony resigned from the organization. In , Anthony attended the World's Temperance Convention in New York City, which bogged down for three chaotic days in a dispute about whether women would be allowed to speak there.

For nothing which they have attempted, not even to secure the suffrage, have they been so abused, condemned and antagonized. When Anthony tried to speak at the New York State Teachers' Association meeting in , her attempt sparked a half-hour debate among the men about whether it was proper for women to speak in public. Finally allowed to continue, Anthony said, "Do you not see that so long as society says a woman is incompetent to be a lawyer, minister, or doctor, but has ample ability to be a teacher, that every man of you who chooses this profession tacitly acknowledges that he has no more brains than a woman.

One opponent called the idea "a vast social evil Anthony continued to speak at state teachers' conventions for several years, insisting that women teachers should receive equal pay with men and serve as officers and committee members within the organization. Anthony's work for the women's rights movement began at a time when that movement was already gathering momentum. Stanton had helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention in , a local event that was the first women's rights convention.

In , Anthony attended her first National Women's Rights Convention, which was held in Syracuse, New York , where she served as one of the convention's secretaries. A major hindrance to the women's movement was a lack of money. Few women at that time had an independent source of income, and even those with employment generally were required by law to turn over their pay to their husbands. In , Anthony worked with William Henry Channing , her activist Unitarian minister, to organize a convention in Rochester to launch a state campaign for improved property rights for married women, which Anthony would lead.

She took her lecture and petition campaign into almost every county in New York during the winter of despite the difficulty of traveling in snowy terrain in horse and buggy days. When she presented the petitions to the New York State Senate Judiciary Committee, its members told her that men were actually the oppressed sex because they did such things as giving women the best seats in carriages. Noting cases in which the petition had been signed by both husbands and wives instead of the husband signing for both, which was the standard procedure , the committee's official report sarcastically recommended that the petitioners seek a law authorizing the husbands in such marriages to wear petticoats and the wives trousers.

The legislature rolled back much of this law in , however, during a period when the women's movement was largely inactive because of the American Civil War. The women's movement was loosely structured at that time, with few state organizations and no national organization other than a coordinating committee that arranged annual conventions. Anthony resisted at first, feeling that she was needed more in the field of anti-slavery activities. After organizing a series of anti-slavery meetings in the winter of , Anthony told a friend that, "the experience of the last winter is worth more to me than all my temperance and woman's rights work, though the latter were the school necessary to bring me into the antislavery work.

Anthony presided at the convention, and when the planning committee for national conventions was reorganized, Stanton became its president and Anthony its secretary. In , at age 16, Anthony collected petitions against slavery as part of organized resistance to the newly established gag rule that prohibited anti-slavery petitions in the U. House of Representatives. An entry in her diary in read, "Fitted out a fugitive slave for Canada with the help of Harriet Tubman. In , Anthony agreed to become the New York State agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society with the understanding that she would also continue her advocacy of women's rights.

Immediate and Unconditional Emancipation. In , John Brown was executed for leading a violent raid on the U. Anthony organized a meeting of "mourning and indignation" [48] in Corinthian Hall in Rochester on the day he was executed. She also presided over the meeting, which raised money for Brown's family. She developed a reputation for fearlessness in facing down attempts to disrupt her meetings, but opposition became overwhelming on the eve of the Civil War. Mob action shut down her meetings in every town from Buffalo to Albany in early In Rochester, the police had to escort Anthony and other speakers from the building for their own safety. Anthony expressed a vision of a racially integrated society that was radical for a time when abolitionists were debating the question of what was to become of the slaves after they were freed, and when people like Abraham Lincoln were calling for African Americans to be shipped to newly established colonies in Africa.

In a speech in , Anthony said, "Let us open to the colored man all our schools Let us admit him into all our mechanic shops, stores, offices, and lucrative business avocations Extend to him all the rights of Citizenship. The relatively small women's rights movement of that time was closely associated with the American Anti-Slavery Society led by William Lloyd Garrison. The women's movement depended heavily on abolitionist resources, with its articles published in their newspapers and some of its funding provided by abolitionists.

In , when Anthony sheltered a woman who had fled an abusive husband, Garrison insisted that the woman give up the child she had brought with her, pointing out that the law gave husbands complete control of children. Anthony reminded Garrison that he helped slaves escape to Canada in violation of the law and said, "Well, the law which gives the father ownership of the children is just as wicked and I'll break it just as quickly. When Stanton introduced a resolution at the National Woman's Rights Convention in favoring more lenient divorce laws, leading abolitionist Wendell Phillips not only opposed it but attempted to have it removed from the record. Garrison, Phillips and Greeley had all provided valuable help to the women's movement.

In a letter to Lucy Stone , Anthony said, "The Men, even the best of them, seem to think the Women's Rights question should be waived for the present. So let us do our own work, and in our own way. Constitution that would abolish slavery. It was the first national women's political organization in the United States. Anthony was the chief organizer of this effort, which involved recruiting and coordinating some petition collectors.

The League provided the women's movement with a vehicle for combining the fight against slavery with the fight for women's rights by reminding the public that petitioning was the only political tool available to women at a time when only men were allowed to vote. Anthony stayed with her brother Daniel in Kansas for eight months in to assist with his newspaper. She headed back east after she learned that an amendment to the U. Constitution had been proposed that would provide citizenship for African Americans but would also for the first time introduce the word "male" into the constitution.

Anthony supported citizenship for blacks but opposed any attempt to link it with a reduction in the status of women. Her ally Stanton agreed, saying "if that word 'male' be inserted, it will take us a century at least to get it out. Anthony and Stanton worked to revive the women's rights movement, which had become nearly dormant during the Civil War. The AERA's drive for universal suffrage was resisted by some abolitionist leaders and their allies in the Republican Party. During the period before the convention to revise the New York state constitution, Horace Greeley , a prominent newspaper editor, told Anthony and Stanton, "This is a critical period for the Republican Party and the life of our Nation I conjure you to remember that this is 'the negro's hour,' and your first duty now is to go through the State and plead his claims.

The two men tried to convince the two women that the time had not yet come for women's suffrage, that they should campaign not for voting rights for both women and African Americans in the revised state constitution but for voting rights for black men only. According to Ida Husted Harper , Anthony's authorized biographer, Anthony "was highly indignant and declared that she would sooner cut off her right hand than ask the ballot for the black man and not for woman.

Wendell Phillips , who opposed mixing those two causes, blocked the funding that the AERA had expected for their campaign. Anthony and Stanton created a storm of controversy by accepting help during the last days of the campaign from George Francis Train , a wealthy businessman who supported women's rights. Train antagonized many activists by attacking the Republican Party and openly disparaging the integrity and intelligence of African Americans. After the Kansas campaign, the AERA increasingly divided into two wings, both advocating universal suffrage but with different approaches.

One wing, whose leading figure was Lucy Stone, was willing for black men to achieve suffrage first and wanted to maintain close ties with the Republican Party and the abolitionist movement. The other, whose leading figures were Anthony and Stanton, insisted that women and black men should be enfranchised at the same time and worked toward a politically independent women's movement that would no longer be dependent on abolitionists.

The AERA effectively dissolved after an acrimonious meeting in May , and two competing woman suffrage organizations were created in its aftermath. It focused primarily on women's rights, especially suffrage for women, but it also covered other topics, including politics, the labor movement and finance. Its motto was "Men, their rights and nothing more: women, their rights and nothing less. Anthony managed the business aspects of the paper while Stanton was co-editor along with Parker Pillsbury , an abolitionist and a supporter of women's rights. Initial funding was provided by George Francis Train , the controversial businessman who supported women's rights but who alienated many activists with his political and racial views.

In the aftermath of the Civil War , major periodicals associated with the radical social reform movements had either become more conservative or had quit publishing or soon would. Moreover, Train sailed for England after The Revolution published its first issue and was soon jailed for supporting Irish independence. Train's financial support eventually disappeared entirely. After twenty-nine months, mounting debts forced Anthony to transfer the paper to Laura Curtis Bullard , a wealthy women's rights activist who gave it a less radical tone.

The paper published its last issue less than two years later. It also helped them promote their wing of the movement, which eventually became a separate organization. The National Labor Union NLU , which was formed in , began reaching out to farmers, African Americans and women, with the intention of forming a broad-based political party. The attempted alliance did not last long. During a printers' strike in , Anthony voiced approval of an employer-sponsored training program that would teach women skills that would enable them in effect to replace the strikers. Anthony viewed the program as an opportunity to increase employment of women in a trade from which women were often excluded by both employers and unions.

At the next NLU Congress, Anthony was first seated as a delegate but then unseated because of strong opposition from those who accused her of supporting strikebreakers. Anthony worked with the WWA to form all-female labor unions, but with little success. She accomplished more in her work with the joint campaign by the WWA and The Revolution to win a pardon for Hester Vaughn , a domestic worker who had been found guilty of infanticide and sentenced to death. Charging that the social and legal systems treated women unfairly, the WWA petitioned, organized a mass meeting at which Anthony was one of the speakers, and sent delegations to visit Vaughn in prison and to speak with the governor.

Vaughn was eventually pardoned. Originally with a membership that included over a hundred wage-earning women, the WWA evolved into an organization consisting almost entirely of journalists, doctors and other middle-class working women. Its members formed the core of the New York City portion of the new national suffrage organization that Anthony and Stanton were in the process of forming. The hostile nature of their rivalry created a partisan atmosphere that endured for decades, affecting even professional historians of the women's movement.

The immediate cause for the split was the proposed Fifteenth Amendment to the U. Constitution , which would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of race. In one of her most controversial actions, Anthony campaigned against the amendment. She and Stanton called for women and African Americans to be enfranchised at the same time. They said that by effectively enfranchising all men while excluding all women, the amendment would create an "aristocracy of sex" by giving constitutional authority to the idea that men were superior to women.

The AWSA supported the amendment, but Lucy Stone, who became its most prominent leader, also made it clear that she believed that suffrage for women would be more beneficial to the country than suffrage for black men. The two organizations had other differences as well. Events soon removed much of the basis for the split in the women's movement. In , debate about the Fifteenth Amendment was made irrelevant when that amendment was officially ratified. In , disgust with corruption in government led to a mass defection of abolitionists and other social reformers from the Republicans to the short-lived Liberal Republican Party. The AWSA, which was especially strong in New England , was the larger of the two organizations, but it began to decline in strength during the s.

Gordon , "Susan B. Anthony occupied new social and political territory. She was emerging on the national scene as a female leader, something new in American history, and she did so as a single woman in a culture that perceived the spinster as anomalous and unguarded By the s, she was among the senior political figures in the United States. After the formation of the NWSA, Anthony dedicated herself fully to the organization and to women's suffrage. She did not draw a salary from either it or its successor, the NAWSA, but on the contrary used her lecture fees to fund those organizations. That Anthony had remained unmarried gave her an important business advantage in this work. A married woman at that time had the legal status of feme covert , which, among other things, excluded her from signing contracts her husband could do that for her, if he chose.

As Anthony had no husband, she was a feme sole and could freely sign contracts for convention halls, printed materials, etc. With the press treating her as a celebrity, she proved to be a major draw. Travel conditions in the earlier days were sometimes appalling. Once she gave a speech from the top of a billiard table. On another occasion her train was snowbound for days, and she survived on crackers and dried fish.

Both Anthony and Stanton joined the lecture circuit about , usually traveling from mid-autumn to spring. The timing was right because the nation was beginning to discuss women's suffrage as a serious matter. Occasionally they traveled together but most often not. Lecture bureaus scheduled their tours and handled the travel arrangements, which generally involved traveling during the day and speaking at night, sometimes for weeks at a time, including weekends. Their lectures brought new recruits into the movement who strengthened suffrage organizations at the local, state and national levels. Their journeys during that decade covered a distance that was unmatched by any other reformer or politician.

A special opportunity arose in when the U. Undaunted, five women, headed by Anthony, walked onto the platform during the ceremony and handed their Declaration to the startled official in charge. As they left, they handed out copies of it to the crowd. Spotting an unoccupied bandstand outside the hall, Anthony mounted it and read the Declaration to a large crowd. The work of all segments of the women's suffrage movement began to show clear results.

Women won the right to vote in Wyoming in and in Utah in Her lectures in Washington and four other states led directly to invitations for her to address the state legislatures there. The Grange , a large advocacy group for farmers, officially supported women's suffrage as early as The Women's Christian Temperance Union , the largest women's organization in the country, also supported suffrage. Anthony's commitment to the movement, her spartan lifestyle, and the fact that she did not seek personal financial gain, made her an effective fund-raiser and won her the admiration of many who did not agree with her goals.

She sometimes had the use of the private railroad car of Jane Stanford , a sympathizer whose husband owned a major railroad. While lobbying and preparing for the annual suffrage conventions in Washington, she was provided with a free suite of rooms in the Riggs Hotel, whose owners supported her work. To ensure continuity, Anthony trained a group of younger activists, who were known as her "nieces," to assume leadership roles within the organization. The NWSA convention of adopted a strategy of urging women to attempt to vote, and then, after being turned away, to file suits in federal courts to challenge laws that prevented women from voting.

The legal basis for the challenge would be the recently adopted Fourteenth Amendment , part of which reads: "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States". Following the example set by Anthony and her sisters shortly before election day, a total of nearly fifty women in Rochester registered to vote in the presidential election of On election day, Anthony and fourteen other women from her ward convinced the election inspectors to allow them to cast ballots, but women in other wards were turned back. Deputy Marshal and charged with illegally voting. The other women who had voted were also arrested but released pending the outcome of Anthony's trial. Anthony spoke throughout Monroe County, New York , where her trial was to be held and from where the jurors for her trial would be chosen.

Her speech was entitled "Is it a Crime for a U. Citizen to Vote? We appeal to women everywhere to exercise their too long neglected 'citizen's right to vote. Attorney arranged for the trial to be moved to the federal circuit court , which would soon sit in neighboring Ontario County with a jury drawn from that county's inhabitants. Anthony responded by speaking throughout that county also before the trial began. Responsibility for that federal circuit was in the hands of Justice Ward Hunt , who had recently been appointed to the U. Supreme Court. Hunt had never served as a trial judge; originally a politician, he had begun his judicial career by being elected to the New York Court of Appeals. The trial, United States v. Anthony , began on June 17, and was closely followed by the national press.

Following a rule of common law at that time which prevented criminal defendants in federal courts from testifying, Hunt refused to allow Anthony to speak until the verdict had been delivered. On the second day of the trial, after both sides had presented their cases, Justice Hunt delivered his lengthy opinion, which he had put in writing. In the most controversial aspect of the trial, Hunt directed the jury to deliver a guilty verdict.

On the second day of the trial, Hunt asked Anthony if she had anything to say. She responded with "the most famous speech in the history of the agitation for woman suffrage", according to Ann D. Gordon , a historian of the women's movement. My natural rights, my civil rights, my political rights, my judicial rights, are all alike ignored. I stand before you tonight a convicted criminal For what?

For asserting my right to representation in a government, based upon the one idea of the right of every person governed to participate in that government. This is the result at the close of years of this government, that I, a native born American citizen, am found guilty of neither lunacy nor idiocy, but of a crime—simply because I exercised our right to vote. Speech to the Union League Club, N. If Hunt had ordered her to be jailed until she paid the fine, Anthony could have taken her case to the Supreme Court. Hunt instead announced he would not order her taken into custody, closing off that legal avenue. The U. Supreme Court in put an end to the strategy of trying to achieve women's suffrage through the court system when it ruled in Minor v.

Happersett that "the Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone". On August 18, —the th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment—President Donald Trump announced that he would pardon Anthony, years after her conviction. Anthony and Stanton initiated the project of writing a history of the women's suffrage movement in Anthony had for years saved letters, newspaper clippings, and other materials of historical value to the women's movement. In , she moved into the Stanton household in New Jersey along with several trunks and boxes of these materials to begin working with Stanton on the History of Woman Suffrage.

Anthony hated this type of work. In her letters, she said the project "makes me feel growly all the time No warhorse ever panted for the rush of battle more than I for outside work. I love to make history but hate to write it. She acted as her own publisher, which presented several problems, including finding space for the inventory. She was forced to limit the number of books she was storing in the attic of her sister's house because the weight was threatening to collapse the structure.

Originally envisioned as a modest publication that could be produced quickly, the history evolved into a six-volume work of more than pages written over a period of 41 years. The first three volumes, which cover the movement up to , were published between and and were produced by Stanton, Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage. Anthony handled the production details and the extensive correspondence with contributors. Anthony published Volume 4, which covers the period from to , in , after Stanton's death, with the help of Ida Husted Harper , Anthony's designated biographer.

The last two volumes, which bring the history up to , were completed in by Harper after Anthony's death. The History of Woman Suffrage preserves an enormous amount of material that might have been lost forever. Written by leaders of one wing of the divided women's movement Lucy Stone, their main rival, refused to have anything to do with the project , it does not, however, give a balanced view of events where their rivals are concerned.

It overstates the role of Anthony and Stanton, and it understates or ignores the roles of Stone and other activists who did not fit into the historical narrative that Anthony and Stanton developed. Because it was for years the main source of documentation about the suffrage movement, historians have had to uncover other sources to provide a more balanced view. Anthony traveled to Europe in for a nine-month stay, linking up with Stanton, who had arrived a few months earlier. Together they met with leaders of European women's movements and began the process of creating an international women's organization. Delegates from fifty-three women's organizations in nine countries met in Washington in to form the new association, which was called the International Council of Women ICW.

The delegates represented a wide variety of organizations, including suffrage associations, professional groups, literary clubs, temperance unions, labor leagues and missionary societies. Anthony opened the first session of the ICW and presided over most events. The ICW commanded respect at the highest levels. President Cleveland and his wife sponsored a reception at the White House for delegates to the ICW's founding congress.

Anthony played a prominent role on all four occasions.

Salter was elected to the University of Alabama Board of Trustees. Combining active and empathetic listening leads to active-empathetic listening. BlackmurR.