⌛ Massacre Of The Innocents Rubens

John Constable - Claudio Coello - Cornelis Analysis: The Road You Will Go Bounding van Haarlemvers massacre of the innocents rubens, Rijksmuseum Role Of Observational Learning. Born of a Virgin? Jan Gossaert Mabuse Netherlandish painter transformed by his experience of Italian massacre of the innocents rubens. The oldest known text was written down by Robert Croo inand the oldest known printing of the melody dates from

Andrew Graham-Dixon on the genius of Rubens

Guercino Italian classical painter of the Bolognese School, noted for his dramatic lighting. Jacquemart de Hesdin c. Meindert Hobbema Last of the great Dutch Realist landscape painters. William Hogarth Pioneer of English figurative painting. Follower of Vermeer. Samuel van Hoogstraten Dutch painter, noted for domestic genre-paintings, and mastery of interior linear perspective.

Willem Kalf Dutch Realist, one of the leading exponents of still life painting in 17th century Holland. Georges de La Tour French Baroque painter noted for his use of Tenebrism and dramatic lighting. Leonardo da Vinci One of the greatest artists and inventors of the Italian Renaissance, famous for his "sfumato" method of shading. Limburg Brothers - Paul, Jan, Herman c. Stephan Lochner Finest 15th century artist of Cologne, noted for his altarpieces.

Ambrogio Lorenzetti c. Claude Lorrain French painter revered for his famous landscape paintings, typically featuring classical Italianate pastoral scenes. He was the first artist to introduce 'narrative' into the landscape genre. Andrea Mantegna Influential Renaissance artist noted for foreshortening and tromple l'oeil technique. Hans Memling Eclectic Netherlandish painter based in Bruges. Michelangelo Arguably the greatest-ever painter and sculptor in the history of art. Giovanni Battista Moroni Mannerist painter best-known for his portraiture. Le Nain Brothers : Louis , Antoine and Mathieu Le Nain Family of French artists renowned for their genre painting of blacksmiths and the like.

Perugino Umbrian school Renaissance painter, master of oil painting, noted for Sistine Chapel frescoes. Piero della Francesca Umbrian painter, expert in linear perspective, one of the pioneers of the early Renaissance. Piero di Cosimo Eccentric, reclusive Florentine painter, best known for allegorical paintings. Nicolas Poussin Greatest French painter of the 17th century; one of the best history painters in the history of art; also revered for his polished 'academic' style of art. Andrea Pozzo Jesuit painter, architect; greatest exponent of quadratura illusionistic painting of the Baroque. Jean Pucelle c.

Quarton, Enguerrand de Charenton Leading figure of the Provence school pf painting. Henry Raeburn Leading Scottish portraitist who painted direct onto canvas without sketches. Rembrandt van Rijn Incomparable Dutch painter, one of the best portrait artists in the history of painting. Nicolaes Tulp Mauritshuis, The Hague. Joshua Reynolds Arguably the greatest 18th century portrait painter in England. Abington Yale Center for British Art. Francisco Ribalta Realist painter whose style paved the way for Velazquez, Ribera and Zurbaran. Hyacinthe Rigaud French Rococo portraitist best-known for his portraits of the French royal family. Peter Paul Rubens Flemish painter, greatest Baroque artist of Northern Europe; known for fleshy female nudes.

Andrei Rublev c. He is considered the most influential artist of Flemish Baroque tradition. Rubens' highly charged compositions reference erudite aspects of classical and Christian history. His unique and immensely popular Baroque style emphasized movement, color, and sensuality, which followed the immediate, dramatic artistic style promoted in the Counter-Reformation. Rubens specialized in making altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. In addition to running a large studio in Antwerp that produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, Rubens was a classically educated humanist scholar and diplomat who was knighted by both Philip IV of Spain and Charles I of England.

Rubens was a prolific artist. His commissioned works were mostly " history paintings ", which included religious and mythological subjects, and hunt scenes. He painted portraits, especially of friends, and self-portraits, and in later life painted several landscapes. Rubens designed tapestries and prints, as well as his own house. He also oversaw the ephemeral decorations of the royal entry into Antwerp by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand in His drawings are predominantly very forceful but not overly detailed. He also made great use of oil sketches as preparatory studies. He was one of the last major artists to make consistent use of wooden panels as a support medium, even for very large works, but he used canvas as well, especially when the work needed to be sent a long distance.

For altarpieces he sometimes painted on slate to reduce reflection problems. He was named in honour of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, because he was born on their solemnity. His father, a Calvinist, and mother fled Antwerp for Cologne in , after increased religious turmoil and persecution of Protestants during the rule of the Habsburg Netherlands by the Duke of Alba. Jan Rubens became the legal adviser and lover of Anna of Saxony, the second wife of William I of Orange, and settled at her court in Siegen in , fathering her daughter Christine who was born in The family returned to Cologne the next year.

In , two years after his father's death, Rubens moved with his mother Maria Pypelincks to Antwerp, where he was raised as a Catholic. Religion figured prominently in much of his work, and Rubens later became one of the leading voices of the Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting he had said "My passion comes from the heavens, not from earthly musings". In Antwerp, Rubens received a Renaissance humanist education, studying Latin and classical literature.

By fourteen he began his artistic apprenticeship with Tobias Verhaeght. Subsequently, he studied under two of the city's leading painters of the time, the late Mannerist artists Adam van Noort and Otto van Veen. Much of his earliest training involved copying earlier artists' works, such as woodcuts by Hans Holbein the Younger and Marcantonio Raimondi's engravings after Raphael. The Magi visit Jerusalem to seek guidance as to where the king of the Jews has been born; King Herod directs them to Bethlehem and asks them to return to him and report, but they are warned in a dream and do not do so. The massacre is reported in Gospel of Matthew :. When Herod realized that he had been outwitted by the Magi, he was furious, and he gave orders to kill all the boys in Bethlehem and its vicinity who were two years old and under, in accordance with the time he had learned from the Magi.

This is followed by a reference to and quotation from the Book of Jeremiah : "Then what was said through the prophet Jeremiah was fulfilled: A voice is heard in Ramah , weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because they are no more. A majority of Herod biographers, and "probably a majority of biblical scholars," hold the event to be myth, legend or folklore inspired by Herod's reputation. Later in life, after Moses has to flee, like Jesus, he only returns when those who sought his death are themselves dead. Against this majority opinion some argue for the historicity of the event.

France , while acknowledging that the massacre is "perhaps the aspect [of his story of Jesus' infancy] most often rejected as legendary" [10] and that the story is similar to that of Moses, believes that "it would have given rise to this narrative without historical basis. Byzantine liturgy estimated 14, Holy Innocents, while an early Syrian list of saints put the number at 64, Coptic sources raised this to , and placed the event on 29 December. Medieval liturgical drama recounted Biblical events, including Herod's slaughter of the innocents.

The Pageant of the Shearmen and Tailors , performed in Coventry, England, included a haunting song about the episode, now known as the Coventry Carol. The Ordo Rachelis tradition of four plays includes the Flight into Egypt, Herod's succession by Archelaus , the return from Egypt, as well as the Massacre all centred on Rachel weeping in fulfillment of Jeremiah's prophecy. These events were likewise in one of the medieval N-Town Plays. The " Coventry Carol " is a Christmas carol dating from the 16th century.

The carol was performed in Coventry in England as part of a mystery play called The Pageant of the Shearmen and Tailors. The play depicts the Christmas story from chapter two in the Gospel of Matthew. The carol refers to the Massacre of the Innocents, in which Herod ordered all male infants two years old and under in Bethlehem to be killed. It is the only carol that has survived from this play. The author is unknown. The oldest known text was written down by Robert Croo in , and the oldest known printing of the melody dates from The 17th Century Dutch Christmas song O Kerstnacht, schoner dan de dagen , while beginning with a reference to Christmas Night , is about the Massacre of the Innocents. The Dutch progressive rock band Focus recorded in the first two verses of the song for their album Hamburger Concerto.

The theme of the "Massacre of the Innocents" has provided artists of many nationalities with opportunities to compose complicated depictions of massed bodies in violent action. It was an alternative to the Flight into Egypt in cycles of the Life of the Virgin. It decreased in popularity in Gothic art , but revived in the larger works of the Renaissance , when artists took inspiration for their "Massacres" from Roman reliefs of the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs to the extent that they showed the figures heroically nude.

The version by Cornelis van Haarlem also seems to reflect the violence of the Dutch Revolt. Guido Reni 's early Massacre of the Innocents , in an unusual vertical format, is at Bologna. One version, now in Munich, was engraved and reproduced as a painting as far away as colonial Peru. In the novel The Fall La Chute by Albert Camus , the incident is argued by the main character to be the reason why Jesus chose to let himself be crucified—as he escaped the punishment intended for him while many others died, he felt responsible and died in guilt.

As depicted by Saramago, Joseph knew of Herod's intention to massacre the children of Bethlehem, but failed to warn the townspeople and chose only to save his own child. Guilt-ridden ever after, Joseph finally expiates his sin by letting himself be crucified an event not narrated in the New Testament. The Massacre is the opening plot used in the film The Nativity Story The commemoration of the massacre of the Holy Innocents, traditionally regarded as the first Christian martyrs , if unknowingly so, [20] [b] first appears as a feast of the Western church in the Leonine Sacramentary , dating from about The earliest commemorations were connected with the Feast of the Epiphany , 6 January: Prudentius mentions the Innocents in his hymn on the Epiphany.

Leo in his homilies on the Epiphany speaks of the Innocents. Fulgentius of Ruspe 6th century gives a homily De Epiphania, deque Innocentum nece et muneribus magorum "On Epiphany, and on the murder of the Innocents and the gifts of the Magi". In these latter Western Christian denominations, Childermas is the fourth day of Christmastide. In the Roman Rite, the Code of Rubrics prescribed the use of the red vestments for martyrs in place of the violet vestments previously prescribed on the feast of the Holy Innocents. The feast continued to outrank the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas until the motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis replaced this Sunday with the feast of the Holy Family. In the Middle Ages , especially north of the Alps , the day was a festival of inversion involving role reversal between children and adults such as teachers and priests, with boy bishops presiding over some church services.

In some regions, such as medieval England and France, it was said to be an unlucky day, when no new project should be started. There was a medieval custom of refraining where possible from work on the day of the week on which the feast of "Innocents Day" had fallen for the whole of the following year until the next Innocents Day. Philippe de Commynes , the minister of King Louis XI of France tells in his memoirs how the king observed this custom, and describes the trepidation he felt when he had to inform the king of an emergency on the day.

Pranks bromas are also known as inocentadas and their victims are called inocentes ; alternatively, the pranksters are the "inocentes" and the victims should not be angry at them, since they could not have committed any sin. One of the more famous of these traditions is the annual " Els Enfarinats " festival of Ibi in Alacant , where the inocentadas dress up in full military dress and incite a flour fight. Pieter Brueghel the Elder , Massacre of the Innocents.

Cornelis van Haarlem , Massacre of the Innocents , , Rijksmuseum. Rubens , Massacre of the Innocents , —11, Toronto. Guido Reni , Massacre of the Innocents.